tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24910819890909817202024-03-05T02:25:29.402-08:00台灣歐洲史跨領域研究部落格Interdisciplinary Studies on European History, TaiwanUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger24125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-13844156926986809122014-05-15T17:39:00.000-07:002014-05-15T18:03:28.922-07:00去納粹化:德國二戰後的人事替換與自我批判<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">胡昌智</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(德國魯爾大學歷史系博士,前國科會駐德國及英國代表處科學組組長)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小編導言:在臺灣,當我們談論到「轉型正義」(<span lang="EN-US">transitional justice</span>)的時候常常會舉二戰後的德國當作例子,探討德國人是如何有系統地批判納粹成員所犯下的罪行。在胡昌智老師這篇簡短明瞭的文章中,首先介紹德國人是如何在戰後六十幾年的時間裡,時時刻刻努力擺脫納粹的陰影。其次,為讀者爬梳在二戰方休之際,盟軍與紅軍的勢力如何在德國建立起一套「由外而內」的人事替換的機制,仔細檢視過去曾經在納粹政權中的既得利益者,並加以審判、清算。最後,雖然在冷戰局勢形成後,「由外而內」的「去納粹化」暫時中止,但隨著<span lang="EN-US">68</span>年所帶起的學運風潮,開啟了接下去將近十年德國「由內而外」去納粹化風潮。直到年輕世代大學生紛紛回頭,嚴厲質問上個世代:「在納粹時期,你們究竟在幹嘛?」才真正將轉型正義的觀念深植到每一位德國公民的意識之中。這樣寶貴的經驗,相當值得臺灣這個轉型正義尚未落實的國家取經,並努力思考我們年輕的公民社會可以在臺灣轉型正義的道路上扮演什麼樣的角色。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">一、二戰後德國自發的自我批判</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三年一度的德國民主獎(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Demokratiepreis</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1997</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年頒發給〈希特勒的自願劊子手〉作者高得哈根(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Daniel Jonah Goldhagen</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在波昂舉行的頒獎典禮上,哈伯馬斯(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jürgen Habermas</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)發表演講,讚揚高得哈根作品帶來的道德力量讓德國的公民意識再度得以強化。同時哈伯馬斯也警告在兩德統一還不滿十年的德國又已經出現了「祖國精神」的呼聲,他在演講中也強調,繼西德於戰後持續的自我反省之後,在追求的國家「正常化」之際尤其在這本書的關照下,應該自覺到新德國有絕對不可逾越的紅線。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">高得哈根嘗試從文化的脈絡解釋十萬以上直接參與大屠殺(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Holocaust</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的納粹跟隨者。他嘗試解釋他們何以能夠面對面、而且一而再地處決那些同樣是人類的猶太人。他的書在六星期中賣出八萬冊,引起德國社會裡廣大的迴響及辯論。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">德國在二戰後對納粹的過去有深刻的自我批判。不少納粹集中營被保存成為紀念及教育場所。歷史博物館的設立,也與一般其他國家的目的不同,它不為宣揚民族光榮,正好相反,它是檢討自己過去的機構。漢堡社會學研究所策劃的兩次〈國防軍展〉(〈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wehrmachtausstellung</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〉),第一次自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1995</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1999</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,第二次由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2001</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2004</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年。展覽由聯邦文化部長揭幕,在全國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">34</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個城市博物館展出,展出國防軍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">─</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">德國的國軍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">─</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在二戰中對俄國的罪行,以及國防軍如何參與屠殺猶太人的行動。兩次的四年展都各有將近一百萬人次的參觀者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">展覽在各城市引起激烈的爭議,反對者,包括全國性的軍人協會、右派組織、被驅離故鄉人協會、部份軍事史家都發表抗議文字及遊行。但是社會大眾能夠、也願意接受這些有損國防軍清白形象的歷史事實。德國對納粹過去的自我批判,從〈國防軍展〉的事件看來,它似乎是沒有底線的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歷史學界在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1982</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年因為柯爾總理民族主義的取向引發了〈史學家論戰〉。論戰中維勒(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hans-Ulrich Wehler</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)站在哈伯馬斯一邊,他對有助於納粹興起的社會因素及心態做了經典的分析。他指出俾斯麥以軍事行動統一德國後,德國社會組織及社會行為都有軍事化的傾向。同時人民</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">─</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">包括知識階層</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">─</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對官廳有普遍的盲目崇拜及信服。社會裡更有期待如韋伯所建構的卡理斯瑪(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Charisma</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)性格人物出現的集體心理狀態。持續在整個威廉帝國時期,人民相信德國的革命與英國法國不同,它是「自上而下」展開的,德國可以不必接受啟蒙思想裡的自由及民主的價值觀,德國有它自己應走的道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">─</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">德國的特殊之途(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Der Deutsche Sonderweg</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。而這個德國特殊之途的意識形態早在赫德(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Johann Gottfried
Herder</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)以及威廉洪寶德(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wilhelm von Humboldt</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的思想中即已潛伏著。維勒對納粹思想根源強有力的批判回溯到德國十七世紀末的社會及思想。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二戰之後德國的記憶文化中自我批判佔有顯著的地位,他們嘗試瞭解何以納粹的大屠殺會發生,然而,就像德國猶太人協會前主席布比斯(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">IgnatzBubis</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)屢次強調的,那個歷史事件是無法解釋的。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不斷的自我批判成了戰後德國悔罪的特殊現象,在歐盟整合過程中,它甚至有反轉的傾向,它成了德國人道德上驕傲的一部份。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">二、盟軍與紅軍主導的「去納粹化」</span></span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">I.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">緣起及法律根據</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">德國嚴厲面對自己文化及社會中納粹成分這種精神是自生的,但是「去納粹化」概念卻是外來的。它來自二戰中的盟軍領袖,它是在戰爭即將結束,盟軍共同思考如何處理戰後德國人時出現的概念,這個概念也曾經是美蘇英法四國共同的政策,而且實際執行過。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1945</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">17</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日,德國投降後兩個月,盟軍領袖三巨頭在德國近郊的波茨坦鎮舉行戰後會議。美國總統杜魯門、俄國大元帥史達林以及英國首相艾特理在對德國決議中提出五原則:去軍事化、民主化、地方分權化、拆除重工業設備以及去納粹化。這是「去納粹化」概念的首度出現,它的目的是要將納粹的影響力從德國社會、文化、法律、經濟以及政治各個層面中去除掉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1946</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日盟軍在德國的最高政府機構</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">─</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">控管委員會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kontrollrat</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">─</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">根據波茨坦會議的原則制訂並公布第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">104</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">號法案,法案的名稱是〈去除納粹及軍國主義法案〉(〈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gesetze zur Befreiung
von Nationalsozialismus und Militarismus</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〉)。控管委員會將該法案交給四個佔領區的軍政府,並由德國的地方政府執行。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">104</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">號法案共有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">67</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">項條款。其中第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條規定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">18</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲以上德國男女都要填寫調查表,並依資料審判定罪或宣布無罪。第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">13</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條分別定義主犯、共犯、輕罪者、盲從者以及無罪者五類。第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">14</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條為罰則,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">33</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條規定證據、審判程序以及判決。第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">46</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條以下規定抗告、赦免、假釋及費用等事項。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">II.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">盟軍佔領區裡的執行與變數</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1945</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">29</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日當美軍進入慕尼黑市北邊的達豪(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dachau</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)集中營時,他們直似進入了地獄。營養不良的囚犯散處在一堆堆屍體之間。前一年冬天開始流行著的傷寒病更使集中營怵目驚心。驚惶中的美軍將所有街市上的德國人都視為是恐怖的納粹份子。白宮也下達禁止美軍與德國人民有任何私人接觸的禁令。美軍因此正式地向佔領區的德國人不斷地做簡明扼要的廣播及公告:「美軍不是來解放他們的,美軍是擊敗他們的勝利者」。波茨坦協議中「去納粹化」的背景是很真實的對納粹的恐懼。對戰爭不在自己國土的美軍是如此,對英法兩國更是如此,尤其對歷經過極為慘酷的列寧格勒圍城之役的俄國更是如此</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> ─ </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">僅僅在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1941</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1943</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月圍城期間,殘暴的德軍加上嚴寒的冬季,就使得</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">千</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">百萬人以上俄國平民死亡。我們可以說,波茨坦協議中「去納粹化」的原則是極為感性同時兼具有和平前瞻性的聲明。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1946</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月起德國公民開始依照第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">104</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">號法案規定填寫去納粹化的申報表及調查表。申報表中該填寫的包括個人資料以及曾經參加過的納粹組織,諸如:國家社會主義工人黨(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">NSDAP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、禁衛軍(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">SS</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、武裝禁衛軍(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">WaffenSS</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、國家秘密警察(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gestapo</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、秘密戰地警察(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">GeheimeFeldpolizei</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、納粹婦女協會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">NS Frauenschaft</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、納粹學生聯盟、希特勒青年團(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">HJ</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、德意志少女聯盟(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BdM</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)等。申報表中也要據實回答是否得過納粹的表揚及資助?或者贊助過納粹活動?是否是國防軍、納粹軍官、擔任軍事單位認可的職位?是否擔任過經濟部門的職務?曾通過哪些檢測及考試?得過哪些頭銜?最後,申報表的填表人需要自行判斷,說明自己責任的大小。調查表裡有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">131</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個問題,要填報的是自己的家庭、職業、教會的歸屬或脫離教會的原因、學校教育的經歷是否參加過學生組織(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Burschenschaft</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等等。截至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1949</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年底,依統計,在英國、法國及美國佔領區中共有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">608</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬人填寫了申報表及調查表。各地方的審議會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Spruchkammern</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)也依據這些資料「審判」了他們。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">去納粹化調查表,共有4頁131個問題,圖片出處:<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://grossvaterblog.wordpress.com/1945/11/09/entnazifizierungsfragebogen/"><span style="color: black;">http://grossvaterblog.wordpress.com/1945/11/09/entnazifizierungsfragebogen/</span></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美軍在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1945</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月救出達豪集中營中的倖存者之後,就開始安排佔領區內各市鎮的民眾前往參觀。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同時,美軍將民眾參觀的實況拍攝剪輯成為影片,大量複製在各個城區村鎮播放並強制人民觀看。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">德國民眾在參觀集中營以及觀看影片所受到的震驚讓美軍察覺到德國民眾應該對納粹滅絕猶太人的作法並完全不知情。白宮對美軍與德國民間的私下接觸在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1946</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月開始大幅放寬。街頭、酒吧、休閒娛樂場所開始有美軍與德國男女老少的相處。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">白宮寬鬆的政策事實上是國際局勢發展的結果。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1946</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年初俄國嘗試在有石油及戰略地位的伊朗支持建立共產黨政府。杜魯門總統幾度施壓,最後以去年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1945</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月才在日本剛投下的核彈相威脅,迫使俄軍自伊朗撤兵。同時,希臘親俄的民主軍於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1946</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年初開始與英美所支持的保守派展開內戰。而俄國在所佔領的土耳其境內也開始積極設立軍事基地。戰後東西對峙的情勢急速浮現出來,快得令政治家幾乎措手不及。佔領區被打敗的德國在新的國際局勢中不再絕對的是敵人,而是該爭取及培養的友邦。「去納粹化」調查資料的審查以及罪行的判決因此一開始就落入異常的平和的途徑。加上英法兩國因為佔領德國而產生額外的各項維持費用,在戰後國內經濟未復甦的狀況下,深感負擔沈重。「去納粹化」工作的推動從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1946</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年夏天起就有新的著眼點:英、法、美三國希望儘量快速篩選出政治背景清白而且有專業知識及行政經驗的德國人,接手佔領軍的各項管理事務。</span><br />
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</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1949</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年底英法美佔領區收到的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">604</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬份調查表,其中真正處理的僅有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">250</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬件。不加處理調查表的原因各異,最大宗不加處理的調查表原因是:法國佔領軍首先認為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1918</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年以後出生的德國公民,因為他們沒有經歷納粹奪權,而且戰爭開始時最多才</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲,因此他們的調查表可以不必審查。這項作法英軍與美軍隨後跟進,並且直接頒發清白證(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Persilschein</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)給上述填表人。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">接著英國佔領軍為了再加速處理調查表也將加入納粹黨但沒有擔任任何職位的人,一律定義為「盲從者」,不再處理他們的調查表,直接赦免他們一切刑責,並頒予清白證。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs_1T3ndAC3_sHrCgXy3jzjEJCrsDCxon-SXjMqy484bNynxTVHFPkc4SKotoc1plpv1ssKdkrN8fEaTEyeGgirUU6lF2HkPQUClD1lpfrTqDeWPbGpwlPyfUF7NzuugAbaG9zx1rEF7Gw/s1600/%25E5%25AF%25A9%25E8%25AD%25B0%25E6%259C%2583%25E5%25AF%2584%25E7%25B5%25A6Anna+F.+%25E5%25A5%25B3%25E5%25A3%25AB%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B8%2585%25E7%2599%25BD%25E8%25AD%2589.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs_1T3ndAC3_sHrCgXy3jzjEJCrsDCxon-SXjMqy484bNynxTVHFPkc4SKotoc1plpv1ssKdkrN8fEaTEyeGgirUU6lF2HkPQUClD1lpfrTqDeWPbGpwlPyfUF7NzuugAbaG9zx1rEF7Gw/s1600/%25E5%25AF%25A9%25E8%25AD%25B0%25E6%259C%2583%25E5%25AF%2584%25E7%25B5%25A6Anna+F.+%25E5%25A5%25B3%25E5%25A3%25AB%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B8%2585%25E7%2599%25BD%25E8%25AD%2589.jpg" height="273" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">審議會寄給</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Anna F. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">女士的清白證,圖片引用自:</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Persilschein.jpg"><span style="color: black;">http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Persilschein.jpg</span></a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英法美佔領區中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">250</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬份調查卷由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">545</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個地方性的審議會審理。審議會由無罪或僅犯有輕罪但具有法律背景的德國人以及非法律背景的公正人士所組成。成員中大部分是戰前的社會民主黨(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">SPD</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)黨員。審議會在當地佔領軍的監督及主導下展開工作。截至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1949</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年底,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.4%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的填表人被判為主犯或共犯,大約是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">18</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">千人,另外有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">34%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的填表人被判有輕罪、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">54%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的案件被歸類為盲從者,最後還有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.6%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被判定為納粹的反抗份子。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2AYMieI5F0U78uHCSKpkHzqD0FGVwTQ9yHrr9Sk3XaLSvUUu6OKMXTbIJyPmAEvgFf_5SEoqE2JMiu2n9EaclcJAKujzKUQdmNRXM2QhyphenhyphenMUYNgSf-5iwDYHZI81HcsxMPmW9tl8Nsa1zy/s1600/%25E5%25AF%25A9%25E8%25AD%25B0%25E6%259C%2583%25E6%2596%25BC1948%25E5%25B9%25B48%25E6%259C%258817%25E6%2597%25A5%25E5%25AF%25A9%25E8%25AD%25B0Frity+Thyssen%25E7%2585%25A7%25E7%2589%2587.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2AYMieI5F0U78uHCSKpkHzqD0FGVwTQ9yHrr9Sk3XaLSvUUu6OKMXTbIJyPmAEvgFf_5SEoqE2JMiu2n9EaclcJAKujzKUQdmNRXM2QhyphenhyphenMUYNgSf-5iwDYHZI81HcsxMPmW9tl8Nsa1zy/s1600/%25E5%25AF%25A9%25E8%25AD%25B0%25E6%259C%2583%25E6%2596%25BC1948%25E5%25B9%25B48%25E6%259C%258817%25E6%2597%25A5%25E5%25AF%25A9%25E8%25AD%25B0Frity+Thyssen%25E7%2585%25A7%25E7%2589%2587.jpg" height="261" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">審議會於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1948</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">17</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日審議</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Frity Thyssen</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">照片,圖片引用自普魯士文化資產委員會:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=2527"><span style="color: black;">http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=2527</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被判為主犯或共犯的先後被安置在集中營裡拘留,隨即有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">千人被轉為輕罪並陸續以緩刑加以釋放,他們沒有清白證不得擔任教職、警察以及新聞界的職位。其餘的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬餘人經抗辯及審判,截至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1949</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年年底共有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5025</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人判有期徒刑定讞,另有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">806</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">名被判處死刑。抗辯成功的許多是積極地從親戚朋友鄰居處獲得正面證詞的人。證詞經常很簡單諸如:「私下擔任教會義工,協助教會在納粹時期順利舉行禮拜及宣教工作」等。有些抗辯成功的是從俄軍佔領區逃亡至西方國家佔領區並接受調查的前納粹份子。他們主要申述的是:他們當初因為反對威瑪時期德國共產黨的活動而加入納粹組織,他們沒有種族意識形態,只有反共的政治意識。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">III.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">紅軍佔領區「去納粹化」的框架</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相形之下俄軍佔領區中「去納粹化」的執行要比英法美佔領區中嚴峻。俄國佔領區中「去納粹化」的工作不是由軍政府而是由俄國內政部(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">NKWD</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的情治單位主導。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1945</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月史達林拒絕杜魯門總統將四個佔領區的經濟整合為一體的建議,當時俄國顯然即已決定並策劃建立獨立而且長久的東德政權。「去納粹化」在俄軍佔領區的推展,因此有它明確展開的框架。凡是對社會主義持懷疑或反對的人士都在「去納粹化」過程中一併加以清除。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1949</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日俄國宣佈結束軍事佔領,將政權交給同時正式成立的德國民主共和國(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Deutsche Demokratische
Republik</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,簡稱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DDR</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),當時</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">千被關進集中營的「納粹份子」已有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬人在極其惡劣的環境下死亡。整體而言,納粹黨員在東德能夠東山再起,另創事業的人,相較於西德</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">─</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">德國聯邦共和國(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bundesrepublik
Deutschland</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">─ </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">微乎其微。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">根據</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1948</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年英法美佔領區的統計,當時</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">83</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬的前納粹黨(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">NSDAP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)黨員雖然不得任教、不得在警界、媒體界、司法界工作,但是只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.6%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的失業率。又根據近年學者的研究指出,大批第三帝國中的農經、交通、人口、工業管理等專業人員</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">─</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">加入過納粹黨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">─</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在西德政府中重新獲得重用,有些甚至擔任國際組織要職,並進入名人錄。東德西德兩地區去納粹化工作推動的目標大相逕庭。</span><br />
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">IV.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柏林危機沖淡了「去納粹化」的重要性</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1948</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月俄軍宣稱俄國佔領區中的「去納粹化」工作已經完成,言下之意,各個層級機構中,新的人事佈局已經就緒,社會的菁英已經替換更新。對西方佔領區而言這是個壓力。事實上,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1948</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1949</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年西方佔領區中「去納粹化」工作失去了它的動力以及軍民的關注。原因是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1948</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月開始的柏林危機它一觸即發可能引起的巨大衝突造成佔領軍及德國民眾極大的不安。柏林危機是東西冷戰的第一個高峰,它出現在「去納粹化」的過程中,它相對化了「去納粹化」的重要性,這正解釋了何以在這段期間西方佔領區收到的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">605</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬份調查表,只處理</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">250</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬份,而且被羈押的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">18</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬負有中等以上罪行的人,其中有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬人立即獲得緩刑,其餘的在審判抗辯的拖延中大部分也獲判緩刑開釋。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柏林危機源起於西方</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">強</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1948</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月在倫敦舉行會議,討論西部佔領區未來的聯邦政治制度。會議先將俄國排除在外,又在佔領區四強共同的控管委員會中拒絕交付倫敦會議決議資料給俄軍。俄軍區司令</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sokolowski</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">憤而退出委員會並下令封鎖柏林部份對外路面交通,雙方繼而因貨幣改革的立場相左,使得衝突更行激烈。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sokolowski</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">下令封鎖所有西柏林對外交通以及切斷供輸給西柏林的電源。西柏林當時仍是廢墟,有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">220</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬居民以及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">名佔領軍,他們的作息幾乎因而停頓。西方盟軍面臨的三項抉擇是:放棄孤島似的西柏林,</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或者以武裝部隊強行從路面護送補給車隊,或者利用波茨坦合約中規定的空中道路進行補給。盟軍當時擔心第一案會使俄方食髓知味,有進一步索求。盟軍也擔心第二案會引發武力衝突,在俄國坦克優勢下,盟軍很可能將在歐洲對共黨的防線撤退到萊茵河,進而放棄整個德國。盟軍最後決定空運補給柏林所需。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先運送日用物資以及修復二戰末期被炸毀的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BEWAG</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">電廠所需之</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1500</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">噸零件。從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1948</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日起盟軍平均每日以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C-47</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">運輸機群運送</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">400</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">機次補給品前往柏林,每月平均運送</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬噸物資。最後經由盟軍,尤其是美軍的堅持,使得俄軍於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">320</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天後,</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1949</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日終於宣佈放棄對柏林的封鎖。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三、「去納粹化」的結束</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> ─ </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不只是一場喜劇</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「去納粹化」開始執行時,許多出自德國民族尊嚴的懷疑聲浪認為它是美國人在審判德國人民。然而在柏林危機過程中德國人對美軍的敬愛持續增加,使那些聲音消沈了下去。「去納粹化」事實上在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1949</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">春就在加速結案中,代之而起的聲浪是納粹受害人的批評,他們認為「去納粹化」純粹是美軍漂白前納粹分子的假戲,為的是使他們能儘快而正當的再進入公職的體系中。不論對「去納粹化」的雜音如何,在柏林危機中新成立的西德新政府及國會在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1951</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日正式通過法案廢除〈去除納粹及軍國主義法案〉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU7Yw0wg2hoI-yJTo__qQKVEwLA4batTEQrR5u8ehEi5GNYQZEtWp6bO1j1SG8ZoGBXB6MO9hvQqvyGfHd84l_GM4IP4vFuqn0ma3kO7BsgX7Y9ObKXx2cEo64bTW-RLUBTF9Ru8FnITh9/s1600/%25E8%25AB%25B7%25E5%2588%25BA%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%258E%25BB%25E7%25B4%258D%25E7%25B2%25B9%25E5%258C%2596%25E3%2580%258D%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E5%2590%258C%25E6%259B%25BF%25E7%25B4%258D%25E7%25B2%25B9%25E6%25BC%2582%25E7%2599%25BD%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259C%2596%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E9%25BB%2591%25E7%25BE%258A%25E8%25B7%25B3%25E9%2580%25B2%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%258E%25BB%25E7%25B4%258D%25E7%25B2%25B9%25E5%258C%2596%25E3%2580%258D%25E6%25A9%259F%25E5%2599%25A8%25E5%2587%25BA%25E4%25BE%2586%25E5%25B0%25B1%25E8%25AE%258A%25E6%2588%2590%25E8%2581%2596%25E6%25BD%2594%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2599%25BD%25E7%25BE%258A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU7Yw0wg2hoI-yJTo__qQKVEwLA4batTEQrR5u8ehEi5GNYQZEtWp6bO1j1SG8ZoGBXB6MO9hvQqvyGfHd84l_GM4IP4vFuqn0ma3kO7BsgX7Y9ObKXx2cEo64bTW-RLUBTF9Ru8FnITh9/s1600/%25E8%25AB%25B7%25E5%2588%25BA%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%258E%25BB%25E7%25B4%258D%25E7%25B2%25B9%25E5%258C%2596%25E3%2580%258D%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E5%2590%258C%25E6%259B%25BF%25E7%25B4%258D%25E7%25B2%25B9%25E6%25BC%2582%25E7%2599%25BD%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259C%2596%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E9%25BB%2591%25E7%25BE%258A%25E8%25B7%25B3%25E9%2580%25B2%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%258E%25BB%25E7%25B4%258D%25E7%25B2%25B9%25E5%258C%2596%25E3%2580%258D%25E6%25A9%259F%25E5%2599%25A8%25E5%2587%25BA%25E4%25BE%2586%25E5%25B0%25B1%25E8%25AE%258A%25E6%2588%2590%25E8%2581%2596%25E6%25BD%2594%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2599%25BD%25E7%25BE%258A.jpg" height="400" width="301" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">諷刺「去納粹化」形同替納粹漂白,圖中黑羊跳進「去納粹化」機器出來就變成聖潔的白羊,圖片出自普魯士文化資產委員會:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=2523"><span style="color: black;">http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=2523</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代經濟重建的努力及<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">「</span></span>狂吃的風潮</span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">」</span></span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="color: black;">[</span>16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">填補著德國人民日常生活中一度失去的尊嚴與幸福。在思想界裡,唯心主義的最後一位大師曼乃克(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Friedrich Meinecke
,1862-1954</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">85</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲高齡撰寫的《德意志的災難》,該書在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1947</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出版。他勇敢而沈痛地回顧兩世紀以來德國所走過的道路。在普魯士傳統裡他見到:文化心靈與軍國主義並立著,法國大革命之後市民的民族思想與普羅社會主義訴求雜處著,同時伴隨著工業化而生的理性計算與非理性價值的追求也交織著。他認為在十九世紀以來的德意志歷史發展中,這些矛盾對立不斷地被整合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> ─ </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">軍國主義中強權思想滲入的文化心靈,普羅意識與民族思想融合,而人們更不斷希望在領袖人格中看見非理性價值的方向。曼乃克見到德國歷史裡這些一連串不幸的整合。在他的回顧裡,他認為德國走出的是一條「德意志的岐路」,他並認為「希特勒主義」是上述矛盾整合的發展中最極端的一個結果。他宏觀的論述帶動了之後德國人自發的、對歷史波濤洶湧般的自我批判。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">盟軍「去納粹化」這項佔領期間的政策,達成了人事更替的目標,但是「去納粹化」意涵中的深度反省卻必須由德國人自己展開,事實上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">60</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年來其成果有目共睹。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1989</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年兩德統一之後,新德國的記憶文化如何發展,它在國家正常化的願景以及歐盟化的趨勢中如何進行,值得我們繼續觀察。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">胡昌智於東海大學歷史系</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">全文引用自:人文東華電子季刊網站<span style="color: black;">(</span><a href="http://journal.ndhu.edu.tw/e_paper/e_paper_c.php?SID=4"><span style="color: black;">http://journal.ndhu.edu.tw/e_paper/e_paper_c.php?SID=4</span></a><span style="color: black;">)</span></span><br />
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Daniel Jonah
Goldhagen</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1959</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">生)哈佛大學政治系教授,書的原名為</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hitler’s
Willing Executioners</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哈伯馬斯的演講</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Warum ein
"Demokratiepreis" für Daniel J. Goldhagen? </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(為什麼頒獎給高得哈根?)刊於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Die Zeit, 1997.03.14<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">維勒的<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">德國社會史(</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">共分五大冊,分別處理</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1700</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1815</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1815</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1849</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1849</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1914</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1914</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1949</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1949</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1990</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,含括啟蒙時期、普魯士的改革到自由主義的失敗、軍國社會到一戰開啟、兩次大戰及威瑪共和國、戰後兩德分裂的社會。這是社會科學及社會批判取向的德國史代表作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ignatz Bubis</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1927-1999</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)波蘭猶太人父親及哥哥都死於納粹集中營,戰後加入德國自民黨(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">FDP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1978</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年起擔任德國猶太人協會理事、副主席、主席等職位。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bubis</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">強調大屠殺的「不可解釋性」,這樣的立場,一方面否定所有的「定論」,並且將大屠殺的解釋永遠開放出著,同時製造出許多模稜兩可的空間,諸如讓人認為德國應該不可能發生這種事。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歐盟東擴過程中,德國戰後的自我批判被用來指導歐盟新會員國如何建立國家的記憶文化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aleida Assmann </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">指出這樣的現象。參見她</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2012</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的書</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Auf
dem Weg zu einer europäischen Gedächtniskultur ?</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(走上了歐洲的記憶文化之路嗎?)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">紐倫堡的戰罪審判與去納粹化是並行的兩件事。紐倫堡的審判是盟軍四國判處</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">名納粹最高領導人死刑的共同國際審判。審判自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1945</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">14</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日起舉行,但是次年美英法與俄方因意見不合就不再合議。之後的紐倫堡審判係屬區域性的審判。有關區域性的「去納粹化」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出版一本電子書</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Die
Entnazifizierung. Ein Überblick</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">中譯:</span>去納粹化.綜觀)作者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dominik
Schwerdtfeger</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一般而言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Burschenschaft</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是民族主義右派的溫床。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">看不下去的或者不願意觀看的人進入電影院就埋頭睡覺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> ─ </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">網路上刊載的回憶如是說。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span> </div>
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</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Persil</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1907</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Henkel</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">發明的洗衣粉的品牌名稱,截至今天為止,它一直是德國銷售量最大的洗衣粉品牌。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Persilschein</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是去納粹化審議會發給的清白證明之俗稱。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">巴伐利亞歷史大辭典(<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Historisches Lexikon Bayerns<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></em>)。「去納粹化」條對寬鬆處理的對象有更細密的列舉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">網路中許多類似的對「去納粹化」質疑的個案。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Götz Haydar Aly</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Susanne Heim</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">合著的</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
Vordenker der Vernichtung. Auschwitz und die deutschen Pläne für eine neue
europäische Ordnung</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">中譯:</span>大屠殺的前置作業者.奧司維茲以及德國計畫的歐洲共榮圈)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1991</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">出版。德國史家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Götz Aly</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的祖先是土耳其貴族,在他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1991</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的書中,他處理二戰結束時</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">35</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲的德國納粹菁英以及他們在後來的西德政府以及國際組織中事業的第二春。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aly</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的論點是:猶太人的大屠殺是戰爭激烈化過程中納粹德國戰爭經濟考量下的產物,它不純粹是種族意識形態的結果。戰爭經濟以及「大歐洲共榮圈」的規劃吸引並培養了許多專家,這些專家對納粹規劃案視野的「恢弘」,讓他們在戰後還不斷懷念著,他們在「去納粹化」過程中因為他們的專業最先獲得他們的清白證。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">西柏林當時是孤島,也是插入紅軍區的前哨並且更具有列強權力分配的象徵意義。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當時美國中情局的有關俄軍軍力以及直接動武可能性分析的資訊是杜魯門決定中最重要的依據。<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">參考資料:</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/on-the-front-lines-of-the-cold-war-documents-on-the-intelligence-war-in-berlin-1946-to-1961/art-4.html<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">若包括</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日之前即已進行</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">80 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天的小規模空運補給,柏林空運共進行了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">400</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">曼乃克是朵伊森(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Johan Gustav Droysen</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的學生,長期(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1896</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1935</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)擔任歷史主義史學取向的歷史雜誌(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Historische
Zeitschrift</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)主編,柏林自由大學創校的榮譽校長。他的《德意志的災難》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Die
Deutsche Katastrophe</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)是理念史的作品,但是論點明顯的出現在之後社會科學方法導向的社會史作品中。維勒對威廉帝國中社會的軍事化以及集體對查理斯馬領袖的期待等敘述明顯的出自曼乃克。曼乃克對猶太人融入德國社會的解釋也引起後續廣泛的討論。筆者認為德國思想界歷史角度的自我批判是受曼乃克的《德意志的災難》所引領的。「希特勒主義」<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(英:</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hitlerism</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">;德:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hitlerismus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是他發明的名詞。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-32985632783157278882014-05-04T10:11:00.001-07:002014-05-08T09:40:48.528-07:00Savonarola專區作品及歷史背景介紹<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">一、</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">緣起與著作介紹</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這三份同學創意的作品來自於臺大歷史系</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">102</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">學年度上學期「世界史三」課程的期中呈現。「世界史三」由歷史系花亦芬教授所開設,每週三個小時的時間,前兩個小時由老師演講,後一個小時則是進行助教分組討論課。課程內容主要是講述西元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1300-1789</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年世界史。而前半學期設計讓同學閱讀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lauro Martines,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Fire in the City - Savonarola and the
Struggle for Renaissance Florence</i>(New York : Oxford University Press, 2006)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一書,希望破除同學對「文藝復興」過度美化的想像,透過具有爭議的修士薩佛那羅拉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Girolamo Savonarola,
1452-1498</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的生平來理解「義大利文藝復興」多樣複雜的面向。因為課程安排的關係,同學所閱讀的範圍是從第一章到第十章。期中呈現規定同學必須以活潑的方式(例如:報紙、圖文集、影片、臉書</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),將這半個學期以來所讀到的內容呈現出來,一方面了解同學對於歷史知識的掌握程度,另一方面也可以訓練同學創意呈現歷史知識的能力。以這次呈現的三份作業來說,第一組同學以影片的方式,模仿臺灣當前最紅的談話性節目,並藉著政治評論的形式,向觀眾傳達十五世紀佛羅倫斯所發生的事。第二、三組同學則不約而同地利用報紙的方式,「報導」過去所發生的事情,並且神遊進歷史的場域裡,以現代人的口吻娓娓道出薩佛那羅拉在佛羅倫斯所做的種種事蹟。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Lauro Martines,<em> Fire in the City</em>封面</span></span></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">(圖片來源:</span><a href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/267584.Fire_in_the_City"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/267584.Fire_in_the_City</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">, 最後一次搜尋2014.5.4)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lauro
Martines</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">曾任加州大學洛杉磯分校(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">UCLA</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)歷史系教授,專長領域在義大利文藝復興史。這本書是延續他上一本</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">April
Blood:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Florence and the Plot against the Medici</i></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">New York : Oxford
University Press, 2003</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),繼續對文藝復興時期佛羅倫斯的深入研究。</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fire
in the City</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以修士薩佛那羅拉在佛羅倫斯的登場、改革到被處死為敘事的主軸,帶領讀者更具體地了解十五世紀的佛羅倫斯社會真實的情況以及在梅第奇家族(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">House of Medici</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、佛羅倫斯市民、教宗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等等勢力的交錯下,時人所處的情勢。作者以小說的筆法流暢地描寫佛羅倫斯共和體制所面對到的威脅、社會階級之間權力地位不對等、經濟繁榮背後種種社會問題,開啟了我們對於文藝復興時期佛羅倫斯的新認識。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">作者Lauro Martines</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">(圖片來源:</span><a href="http://www.cmrs.ucla.edu/archive/events_120106_malatesti.html"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">http://www.cmrs.ucla.edu/archive/events_120106_malatesti.html</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">,最後一次搜尋2014.5.4)</span><br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">二、</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">十五世紀的佛羅倫斯以及共和政體所面臨的問題</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在臺灣,只要一提到十五世紀佛羅倫斯,腦海裡總會浮現出一幅圖像:「富賈一方的梅第奇家族統治佛羅倫斯,大力贊助藝術創作,並培養天才藝術家,帶領佛羅倫斯迎向人類文明史上輝煌的文藝復興盛世。」然而,在這看似光彩的文藝復興「神話」背後,我們是否忽略那些被刻意隱瞞、不光彩的真實歷史?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">1494年城邦國林立的義大利(圖片來源:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italy_1494_v2.png"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italy_1494_v2.png</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">,最後一次搜尋2014.5.4)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">佛羅倫斯以羊毛紡織業奠定城市經濟發展的基礎,到了十二世紀成立了七大行會(布商及大出口商、銀行與匯兌業、羊毛紡織業、法官與公證人、「醫師、藥劑師、香料業者與一般民生用品」、絲織業以及製毛皮業),繁榮的經濟為佛羅倫斯帶來發展共和政治文化的沃土。傳統的世家大族常常要與市民階級合作來鞏固自己的政治實力,而社會地位逐漸提升的市民階級也經常與中下階層的市民聯手向城市統治世族爭取更多政治權利。在這三方勢力相互制衡,共和政府不被任何一方所壟斷,以及保障各階級利益為前提下,佛羅倫斯的共和政體得以穩定運作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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relations)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另一方面流放、處決不願意接受收編的家族、政敵。在過去,佛羅倫斯共和國是由幾個世家大族以及市民階級互相制衡、競爭,共同分享共和政府的政治權力。但梅第奇家族透過上述的方式,使得政治權力的天秤過度傾斜,他們大力擴展家族的勢力版圖,並將城市裡各階級勢力收編在其麾下,一步步控制以市民階級為基礎的佛羅倫斯社會,壟斷行政、立法、參議的權力,或說得更明白,梅第奇家族可以將整座佛羅倫斯收作自己的禁臠。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">三、</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">誰是薩佛那羅拉?</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他曾經在講道壇上大聲斥責揮霍無度的佛羅倫斯世族,而被批評是疾言厲色、神經質、思想過於偏激的修士;但在虔信者的眼中,他被視為上帝派來的騎士,宣揚基督精神以淨化佛羅倫斯人們貪婪、虛偽的腐敗心靈。這位充滿爭議的修道院院長是</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fire
in the City</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的主角</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">─</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">薩佛那羅拉。從他複雜的形象出發,我們可以深入地了解十五世紀的佛羅倫斯真正的社會面貌,同時也可以知道佛羅倫斯人所面對到的問題以及焦慮。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">薩佛那羅拉(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Girolamo Savonarola, 1452-1498</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)肖像(圖片來源:<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Girolamo.Savonarola.jpg">http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Girolamo.Savonarola.jpg</a>,<span style="font-family: inherit;">最後一次搜尋2014.5.4</span>)</span></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1452</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出生於北義大利城市費拉拉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ferrara</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),薩氏從小受到其擔任宮廷醫師的祖父所影響,對於基督信仰有著濃厚的興趣。年輕時曾經失意的他在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1475</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年毅然決然放下想要從醫的念頭,到了波隆那(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bologna</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)加入道明會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dominican Order</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的修院,開始過著與世隔絕的修士生活。在成為合格的修士之後,他返回故鄉,在當地的修道院佈道並指導初學修士(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">novices</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1490</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,薩氏接受當時佛羅倫斯實際統治者:羅倫佐</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">‧</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">梅第奇(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lorenzo de' Medici,
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">羅倫佐<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">‧</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">梅第奇(圖片來源:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorenzo_de%27_Medici-ritratto.jpg"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorenzo_de%27_Medici-ritratto.jpg</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">,最後一次搜尋2014.5.4)</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從上述佈道內容我們可以得知,他確實嚴厲地批評梅第奇家族的金權策略使佛羅倫斯的共和體制面臨到極大的威脅,人民的利益被少數人所決定,不同的世族、階級無法參與政治運作。然而,他之所以沒有明講,原因在於雖然薩氏與梅第奇家族之間並沒有直接的利益交換,但他所領導的聖馬可修道院卻接受了羅倫佐大量贊助;另一個原因則是在當時的政治氛圍中,要直接對抗佛羅倫斯最有權力的家族,可能不僅無法讓他的佈道內容吸引更多信眾,也很有可能馬上就被封殺,因此薩氏一直與梅第奇家族保持著一段曖昧的距離。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而,他的批評對於那些在梅第奇家族庇蔭下的黨既得利益者,無論是家族、市民階級或是神職人員,造成了直接的威脅。也因為薩氏與這群既得利益者的對立,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">讓他們對這位「上帝所派來的騎士」深感恐懼與不安,並盡可能地打壓他。然而薩氏以他澎湃激昂的佈道,不僅吸引許多信徒,他對信仰的堅持也讓這群既得利益者的威脅利誘徒勞無功。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">羅倫佐過世之後,梅第奇家族由其子皮耶羅</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">‧</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">梅第奇(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Piero de’Medici,
1472-1503</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)所繼承,但不同於他父親,皮耶羅並沒有好好鞏固家族追隨者的支持,反而啟用大量新人來為自己做事,讓原本跟在羅倫佐身邊的世族們相當不滿。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1494</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年末,法國國王查理八世(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Charles VIII,
1470-1498</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)為了擴展政治版圖,揮軍南下那不勒斯王國(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kingdom of Naples</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),要求佛羅倫斯表態立場,並提供法軍路過時的補給支援。皮耶羅在不知所措之餘,希望與法王談判並輸誠來解決這場即將到來的災難。此舉造成佛羅倫斯城一片譁然,市民強烈譴責皮耶羅懦弱、叛國的行為,同時也出現了市民階級要求恢復共和政體的呼聲。不久,在梅第奇家族支持者的倒戈下,佛羅倫斯市民推翻了梅第奇家族的專制統治,試著重建共和政治的秩序。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp2hN5JVI5Qvb0QXPOrOQjhSJTrhkC5LGImrlMQsBgVO33HduYCvSQfO4EM6HufkZYGLFICfQchSuRILcgDIOuR6gWtDqhKa8kUkbZQc5tXqC0FAHuPqffY7ovVP0NHtFFwYMwF0htJTvw/s1600/Portrait+of+Piero+II.+de%E2%80%99+Medici,+the+Unfortunate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp2hN5JVI5Qvb0QXPOrOQjhSJTrhkC5LGImrlMQsBgVO33HduYCvSQfO4EM6HufkZYGLFICfQchSuRILcgDIOuR6gWtDqhKa8kUkbZQc5tXqC0FAHuPqffY7ovVP0NHtFFwYMwF0htJTvw/s1600/Portrait+of+Piero+II.+de%E2%80%99+Medici,+the+Unfortunate.jpg" height="200" width="188" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinTGQILYvHkbwjjkhFP8tsMdiLnqvZlmsygYxPaw4SZtNDpsWMUx8E-7sIomh4V_VlxI1iE-ZBx5ExJTBET0K5F3KQWm-IeCU-FfdFr_aKdi_2uD97-tr6e7rbYSWv4dhjuY2EpA5baZK5/s1600/Charles+VIII+of+France+(1470-1498).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinTGQILYvHkbwjjkhFP8tsMdiLnqvZlmsygYxPaw4SZtNDpsWMUx8E-7sIomh4V_VlxI1iE-ZBx5ExJTBET0K5F3KQWm-IeCU-FfdFr_aKdi_2uD97-tr6e7rbYSWv4dhjuY2EpA5baZK5/s1600/Charles+VIII+of+France+(1470-1498).jpg" height="200" width="152" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">上右圖:法王查理八世(圖片來源:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_VIII_Ecole_Francaise_16th_century_Musee_de_Conde_Chantilly.jpg"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_VIII_Ecole_Francaise_16th_century_Musee_de_Conde_Chantilly.jpg</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">,最後一次搜尋2014.5.4)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">上左圖:羅倫佐‧梅第奇的繼位者皮耶羅‧梅第奇,又稱「悲慘的皮耶羅」(Piero the Unfortunate)(圖片來源:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Piero_il_Fatuo.jpg"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Piero_il_Fatuo.jpg</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">,最後一次搜尋2014.5.4)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原先已經習慣接受梅第奇家族指揮的佛羅倫斯政局,在這個緊要關頭陷入一片混亂。作為一個以傳達基督精神為己任的虔誠神職人員,薩氏雖然不是直接參與共和政府的運作,但卻在佛羅倫斯人重建共和政體的過程中扮演著舉足輕重的地位。他從聖經以及基督徒應有的德行作為思考起點出發,號召佛羅倫斯人應該要恢復往昔調和各階級利益、尊重市民社會的共和體制,以威尼斯共和國當作榜樣,建立起一套更能夠讓市民參與政治的「大議會制度」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Grand Council</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。薩氏相信只有幫助佛羅倫斯人擺脫掉梅第奇家族的掌控以及世族之間的政治分贓,重建起以市民作為基礎的共和體制,佛羅倫斯才可以成為一座具有基督徒精神的上帝之城。此外,為了實踐聖經所揭示的道德訓示,薩氏也嚴格執行道德戒律,企圖在相當短的時間之內革除掉過去奢侈、浮誇的社會文化,回歸到簡樸、純潔的生活。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而這樣的光景並沒有維持很久,從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1497</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年開始梅第奇家族與他們的黨羽開始強勁地反撲,加上薩氏過於嚴格的禁慾、清貧原則與過去因為商業貿易繁榮而生活優渥的佛羅倫斯市民格格不入,而引起強烈的社會反彈,薩氏陷入危機四伏的困境。同年,教宗亞歷山大六世(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alexander VI,
1431-1503</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)以不聽從教廷指揮為由開除了他的教籍,並禁止他公開佈道,接著又以異端為由,將薩氏送上火刑架,結束了他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">46</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的一生。在那之後,梅第奇家族的勢力重返佛羅倫斯,這個從十三世紀就已經存在的共和國從此名存實亡。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4_FUK5qwHFicIV6BdDOTpHrhrYWBjHRzzcHnOkTaCkbsm7NFiiZAe6IK42s8R-xo5SchzZph7AnMCHUUWUQTKFWNrmj_nYVWe0MkLjdR4jRd3U4HzsOopks6SMJC-GsOZxsR0xf6xtcWf/s1600/Hanging+and+burning+of+Girolamo+Savonarola+in+Piazza+della+Signoria+in+Florence+in+1498.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4_FUK5qwHFicIV6BdDOTpHrhrYWBjHRzzcHnOkTaCkbsm7NFiiZAe6IK42s8R-xo5SchzZph7AnMCHUUWUQTKFWNrmj_nYVWe0MkLjdR4jRd3U4HzsOopks6SMJC-GsOZxsR0xf6xtcWf/s1600/Hanging+and+burning+of+Girolamo+Savonarola+in+Piazza+della+Signoria+in+Florence+in+1498.jpg" height="347" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQy-lvP1OyGkK3uBt5dq1v4g0jx2qTXjOSu7GyDMLbZtmO0NlreX5ls1aXPB79rVr1ApJROzO3-fLZ-0yjpTym4OhjwkC10MWbJTAa-q88DOvo3dKckTRXgM5haoLWP9NspTF7XVd6qnoK/s1600/Hanging+and+burning+of+Girolamo+Savonarola+in+Piazza+della+Signoria+in+Florence+in+1498.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">在教宗亞歷山大六世的詔令下,薩佛那羅拉被送上火刑台,而此後佛羅倫斯的共和政體隨著梅第奇家族的復辟而名存實亡。(圖片來源:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hanging_and_burning_of_Girolamo_Savonarola_in_Florence.jpg"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hanging_and_burning_of_Girolamo_Savonarola_in_Florence.jpg</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">,最後一次搜尋2014.5.4</span> )</div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當我們重新回過頭去檢視薩氏所帶給佛羅倫斯的遺產時,我們可以發現,梅第奇家族從十四世紀末開始一步步挖除了佛羅倫斯共和政體的基石,讓市民人沉浸在商業發達、經濟繁榮的美夢而不自知,他成了抵擋這股浪潮的力量,憑藉著他對信仰的堅持以及結合共和精神與基督徒道德的理想,希望帶領佛羅倫斯人重建他們搖搖欲墜的共和國。最後的結果也許是失敗的,但這股追求社會公義、為信仰價值犧牲的熱情,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">21</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀的臺灣是否也帶給我們一些啟示呢?</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四、創意學習與成果分享:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">在這為期半個學期的實驗裡,課程老師與助教希望同學可以跳脫出傳統上大班課的學習方式:老師在台上講,同學在下面聽(很多時候同學是在上臉書或噗浪);以Lauro Martines這本行文流暢,故事劇情安排生動的歷史書,帶領同學走進十五世紀佛羅倫斯的世界裡,試著揣摩當時的人所走過的道路,以及他們思維的痕跡。而開放式的期中呈現,也正是期待同學可以「翻轉」僵硬的課堂學習方式,讓學習變得更生動活潑,讓學生對於世界史的了解更靈活、更開闊。在二十一世紀全球化的今天,臺灣的年輕人只有透過迎向這個世界,才可能在世界上找到屬於自己的定位,找到我們對自己的認同。這項實驗希望達成的具體目標有以下三個面向:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在知識上,希望可以打破臺灣同學對於文藝復興時期佛羅倫斯的神話迷思,讓同學了解,梅第奇家族透過與佛羅倫斯各階級建立起「侍從關係」,並透過流放等方式迫害政敵,將佛羅倫斯建立在「行會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">─</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">市民基礎」上的政治秩序徹底瓦解,順勢成為統治佛羅倫斯的金字塔頂端階級,將整座城市納為其囊中物,予取予求。而在十五世紀末,以薩佛那羅拉為首的「擁護共和派」向梅第奇家族的金權勢力宣戰,為佛羅倫斯的共和奮力一搏。他們主要的訴求即是追求社會公義、保障社會成員集體的利益、反對少數人壟斷利益以及建立起一個以尊重公民、權力制衡的社會,讓我們在今天遙想這段佛羅倫斯人所走過的歷史痕跡時,仍然會激起我們的敬意以及對自己鄉土的反思。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在態度上,透過將「過去發生的事情」以各式各樣活潑的方式「再現」,一方面可以讓同學「神入歷史場景」,讓死板的書本知識重新以自己的方式詮釋出來;另一方面也可以培養同學以更多元的思維方式來理解歷史、思考歷史、呈現歷史,帶著一顆活潑的心去面對過去的人所走過的路。這樣的歷史教育不僅深刻,也具有更大的啟發性。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在實作上,讓同學嘗試編輯文案需要具備的電腦技巧、校稿、美工</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等等過程,並在團隊組織中學習怎麼與人合作,共同設計出一項成果來。讓同學「從做中學」,替往後可以嘗試的發展方向增添新的可能性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><strong>延伸閱讀:</strong></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. <span lang="EN-US">John M. Najemy, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A History of Florence 1200-1575</i></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US">MA : Blackwell Publishing, 2006</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. Lauro Martines, <em>April Blood:</em><span lang="EN-US"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Florence and the Plot against the Medici</i></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US">New York : Oxford University Press, 2003</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></span><br />
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">這裡要特別提醒讀者不能用十九世紀「民族國家」的概念來理解十五世紀的義大利,認為這時候的義大利「分裂」成許多小國家。這些大大小小的政治統治實體林立共存,一個政治統治實體基本上就是一個「國家」,有自己的政府、制度、法律,而各國之間甚至會互相派駐特使(或大使),處理外交事務。在這塊土地上的居民雖然說著類似的語言,但他們在政治上的認同是自己所在的那個國家,例如:佛羅倫斯人認同佛羅倫斯共和國,威尼斯人認同威尼斯共和國,而不是認同看似同文同種的義大利為他們「統一的國家」。因此,用「分裂」的概念來理解是不精確的,頂多可以說「各國林立」。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span><br />
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這裡所稱的「統治世族」(或稱「<span style="font-family: inherit;">世家大族」)(英文:</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">the elite family</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;義大利文:</span><span lang="EN-US">grandi</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),並不是由中古封建制度中的騎士階級,或「職業戰士階級」(</span><span lang="EN-US">professional warrior
class</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: inherit;">)所演變而來的統治貴族。以佛羅倫斯為例,在十三世紀建立起城邦國之後,往往是經由商貿、金融事業累積大量財富的幾個大家族掌</span>握政治運作,實際統治佛羅倫斯。這些大家族透過聯姻、繼承,以父系子嗣的繼承方式一代代累積財富以及政治實力,同時也透過收買與分享權力的方式,與非世族的階級建立起自己的黨派(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">faction</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),擴展家族在社會及政治上的影響力,奠定其統治的合法性基礎。參見</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">John M. Najemy, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A History of Florence 1200-1575</i></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MA : Blackwell Publishing,
2006</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, pp.5-13, 20-27</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">梅第奇家族是如何透過銀行金融業發展人際網絡以及政治</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">實力的詳細介紹,參見</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Najemy, pp.262-267</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span> </div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">建立「侍從關係」是佛羅倫斯世家大族常常使用的手段,目的在於收編其他世族或是市民階級的力量,鞏固自己的政治實力。然而梅第奇家族所建立起的「侍從網絡」更加緊密且龐大,在內部形成一股由上而下的強勁支配力,家族可以直接指揮其麾下的成員。同時有別於其他世族大多還是與社會菁英階級(世家大族或是大商人行會)合作,他們將觸角深入到比較小的家族、中下階級,常常是直接以聯姻、資助或是安插政府職位的方式,更廣泛地吸收這些勢力,讓他們回過頭來可以鞏固梅第奇家族手中所把持的政府權力。配合著流放的方式打擊政敵,傳統上透過不同階級之間合作、制衡所建立起來的共和政體,逐漸變成梅第奇家族所控制的「一言堂」,佛羅倫斯從一些世族、市民階級可以互相制衡的「菁英寡頭統治」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">elite oligarchy</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),走向權力集中在少數人手上的「一人專制統治」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tyranny</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),在十五世紀中葉開始,梅第奇家族幾乎可以算是佛羅倫斯實際的統治者。參見</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Najemy, pp.25-27,
266-269</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span> </div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Lauro Martines, Fire
in the City - Savonarola and the Struggle for Renaissance Florence(New York :
Oxford University Press, 2006), p.22</span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 1490</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年其實是他第二度來到佛羅倫斯,他曾經於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1482-1487</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年到聖馬可修道院講授神學及聖經,但因為缺乏經驗的關係,第一次在佛羅倫斯的佈道相當慘澹,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Martines, pp.15-18</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。關於薩佛那羅拉的生平簡介,請參考〈佛羅倫斯週報〉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">B2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">版焦點人物或是〈佛羅倫斯市民報〉第三版,兩份報紙對其生平皆有相當詳細的介紹。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span> </div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Martines, pp.23-27,
85-110</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ch. 8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span> </div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在羅倫佐過世前(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1492</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),薩佛那羅拉還親自為他做最後的祝禱。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Martines, pp.22-23, 28</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-87884077063853569142014-05-04T10:10:00.000-07:002014-05-04T10:10:46.267-07:00影片〈關鍵佛羅倫斯〉<strong>影片介紹:</strong><br />
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這部短片模仿電視政論節目的形式,演員們在節目中<span style="font-family: inherit;">以1494年法國國王查理八世<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Charles VIII, 1470-1498</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)南下攻打那不勒斯王國<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">kingdom of Naples</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)而途經佛羅倫斯為背景,透過討論的方式帶領觀眾回到當時的歷史情境,並揣摩時人面對法國龐大軍隊入城時的恐懼以及驚慌失措。同時,也帶入薩佛那羅拉<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Girolamo Savonarola, 1452-1498</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span>在其中運籌帷幄,替佛羅倫斯化解一場大災難的過程。短片中不時穿插一些無厘頭的笑話,讓原本看似生硬的歷史場景,可以輕易地讓觀<span style="font-family: inherit;">眾理解。同時討論的內容也相當生動地用淺顯易懂的對話,讓觀眾可以一起回當1494年的歷史現場,感受時代的氛圍。</span></span></span></span><br />
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<strong>組員:</strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">楊岱晴(臺大歷史系二年級)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬泓儁(臺大歷史系二年級)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">唐勗維(臺大歷史系二年級)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">吳俊儀(臺大歷史系二年級)</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p><strong>短片網址:</strong><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEC89b2mlsE">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEC89b2mlsE</a></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p><strong>短片截圖:</strong></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcv307dzbbll8MpeXkkf3C3HXNgbjlqboeQfs3vfs90avsIPYoNQo1uhZ2-oCC9x9FsyM5ibH5ToqTmal6eC1zU0LbT7_j1kVDAyGCf1fN5cJN1EXSRYsoGmpNkXBXnuLQmgndYrNs6VYO/s1600/%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96%E4%B8%80.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcv307dzbbll8MpeXkkf3C3HXNgbjlqboeQfs3vfs90avsIPYoNQo1uhZ2-oCC9x9FsyM5ibH5ToqTmal6eC1zU0LbT7_j1kVDAyGCf1fN5cJN1EXSRYsoGmpNkXBXnuLQmgndYrNs6VYO/s1600/%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96%E4%B8%80.png" height="260" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">截圖一</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijF07DVoL8OA7Tf7pGcK5iUKTjUgfX30P5-uGUzBkE3VduIKUtTTNnLPgoMZZMg3J5cWncwBnQdTF10lszgs9yoAlDg1PgBQSuceG0jwD6VZ0jbUHvYOLO_zMcKrC4qs1tFlAePVL9TWF9/s1600/%25E6%2588%25AA%25E5%259C%2596%25E4%25BA%258C.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijF07DVoL8OA7Tf7pGcK5iUKTjUgfX30P5-uGUzBkE3VduIKUtTTNnLPgoMZZMg3J5cWncwBnQdTF10lszgs9yoAlDg1PgBQSuceG0jwD6VZ0jbUHvYOLO_zMcKrC4qs1tFlAePVL9TWF9/s1600/%25E6%2588%25AA%25E5%259C%2596%25E4%25BA%258C.png" height="237" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">截圖二</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjgYbLOC_9_7ZTJxvoKVRoohf946JtH1cUp2v_vVuLhW8UB-6BQjw_WH9AUDEJSR_znRPfTEqcOwRFadCkgtWI7tZWpsiE8AdfXzjV6aXsk84FNlq39so9ugMWJk2ce20je91tdynI664M/s1600/%25E6%2588%25AA%25E5%259C%2596%25E4%25B8%2589.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjgYbLOC_9_7ZTJxvoKVRoohf946JtH1cUp2v_vVuLhW8UB-6BQjw_WH9AUDEJSR_znRPfTEqcOwRFadCkgtWI7tZWpsiE8AdfXzjV6aXsk84FNlq39so9ugMWJk2ce20je91tdynI664M/s1600/%25E6%2588%25AA%25E5%259C%2596%25E4%25B8%2589.png" height="233" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">截圖三</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqpUe25hWJDOvTmTbWhBeEwLj5kHU4EtACe3JTeZwAl-tFwVN_SEll7CLctDxSfsEZd70TGCnZwpmSmIGTbZGXl-O7J588v1Ill2S9tbAXos4TFUDIC3abxYwyVMxhwjsay4RZjYbyjboE/s1600/%25E6%2588%25AA%25E5%259C%2596%25E4%25BA%2594.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqpUe25hWJDOvTmTbWhBeEwLj5kHU4EtACe3JTeZwAl-tFwVN_SEll7CLctDxSfsEZd70TGCnZwpmSmIGTbZGXl-O7J588v1Ill2S9tbAXos4TFUDIC3abxYwyVMxhwjsay4RZjYbyjboE/s1600/%25E6%2588%25AA%25E5%259C%2596%25E4%25BA%2594.png" height="273" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">截圖四</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_N24sxvfh1BnjZyIY8kpZ_2RazFofP5M16y3qhTfGsDDtJFINVAhKMCw3XmAwjEc7mlyHMChYBXG7xLCa-KB0DfbZmu_5I3Y9LVWlCbQVmADtq57zVwcIUZZK2-tkJ4NJFPhlN0h4kQX7/s1600/%25E6%2588%25AA%25E5%259C%2596%25E5%259B%259B.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_N24sxvfh1BnjZyIY8kpZ_2RazFofP5M16y3qhTfGsDDtJFINVAhKMCw3XmAwjEc7mlyHMChYBXG7xLCa-KB0DfbZmu_5I3Y9LVWlCbQVmADtq57zVwcIUZZK2-tkJ4NJFPhlN0h4kQX7/s1600/%25E6%2588%25AA%25E5%259C%2596%25E5%259B%259B.png" height="251" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">截圖五</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
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</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-2990372771983756212014-04-16T11:25:00.001-07:002014-05-04T10:10:59.649-07:00《佛羅倫斯市民報》<strong><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">報紙簡介:</span></strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="font-size: small;">在讀完《Fire in the City》指定章節後,我們這組決定以「報紙」的形式來呈現期中報告。這份報紙的新聞點是教宗亞歷山大六世(Alexander VI, 1431-1503)發給佛羅倫斯的聖馬可教堂(Convent of San Marco in Florence)的書信,我們設想當時的佛羅倫斯人大致可分為「支持」與「反對」薩佛納羅拉修士(Girolamo Savonarola, 1452-1498)兩個派系,而支持者的勢力應該是較大的,反對派被迫陷入「沉默螺旋」之中;然而這封教宗信件使反對派得到正當性,力量大幅提升,佛羅倫斯人信心動搖,社會動盪不安。<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> 於是《佛羅倫斯市民報》的薩佛納羅拉特刊誕生了,旨在呼籲市民不要相信謠言,更不能相信腐敗的教廷。透過對薩弗納羅拉的生平與其政治主張的敘寫,我們一一破除謠言,並透過「社論」明確表達立場。除此之外,我們也設計了「國際情勢」、「市民投書」與「皮耶羅專訪」版面,希望能更全面地呈現十五世紀末佛羅倫斯的全景;而其中市民投書與皮耶羅‧梅第奇(Piero de' Medici, 1472-1503)專訪也較富趣味性,稍平衡了前幾個版面的嚴肅內容。</span>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">報紙圖片:</span></strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">※因為Blog能提供的圖片解析度有限,若是讀者看不清楚內文,可以連結到本部落格Picasa相簿,裡面可以放大以利讀者閱讀報紙以及圖片。(連結網址:<a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/103867028349079085064/uJcrYJ?authuser=0&feat=directlink">https://picasaweb.google.com/103867028349079085064/uJcrYJ?authuser=0&feat=directlink</a>)</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">第一版</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">第二版(右半)、第三版(左半)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">第四版(右半)、第五版(左半)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">第六版</span></td></tr>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">製作同學心得分享:</span></strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">翁榛憶(臺大歷史系三年級)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> 當初決定要做報紙時,認為這一個較單純且較好操作的形式,殊不知開始動筆之後才發現:「要寫的內容好多!」幸好我有一群認真負責的好夥伴,不僅接受我提出的構想,甚至還發展出更多可能,更難能可貴的是幾乎不拖稿!而張語涵同學雖然為旁聽生仍參與報告,負責彙整所有稿件、將人名地名中文化並且排版輸出,這份報紙能完成,她真的是不可或缺的大功臣。最後也要感謝李孟瑄助教給予的建議以及他帶班的「懷柔政策」,讓我們可以盡情地嘗試我們想做的東西而不會感到壓力。我們的報告仍有未盡完善之處,但這一次合作經驗讓我感到很愉快,用這樣較活潑的方式呈現所學也讓人收穫良多。<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">韓相旭(臺大歷史系二年級)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> 我們所做的報告讓我得到珍貴的經驗。我們組選擇以報紙形式來做的方式。我假裝當成記者而寫我所負擔的部分,因此我以記者敘述的方法來寫作。這樣的方式使得我知道如何抓到核心的部分,而如何順利地整理。並且雖然我的中文能力不夠好,但是我的組員悉心幫助我,我也可以寫完我的部分。我藉此機會再感謝我的組員們。<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">王睫喻(臺大歷史系二年級)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> 起初在選擇報告的呈現方式時,我們這組一致通過要以靜態的方式呈現。而靜態的呈現很容易第一個想到的就是報紙,當初自己有想過會不會其他組也都做報紙,這樣我們的報告就不會太特別了,但也想不到其他更好的方式了。不過,在看見成品之後,真的覺得我們的報紙是獨一無二的。這一切很感謝助教和組員間的合作,以及政大旁聽生語涵精美的排版,最重要的還有組長歷史三翁榛憶學姐的帶領。總說萬事起頭難,她一開始就先設定好了頭版和主題報導,然後才是分發給其他組員來寫。能有構想真的是很不簡單的事,很感謝她的用心。我能做到的也只有把報導寫好而已,工作並不多,不過在當中還是學到了很多。像是更能以當時人的立場去看那個時代的佛羅倫斯,我覺得是對文本能更進一步了解的關鍵。<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">郭力榕(臺大歷史系二年級)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> 這次世界史的報告,我們組別選擇了靜態的報紙來呈現。起初我們便決定了這個報紙的立場,也希望能夠用偏頗但又刻意客觀的敘述來表現媒體的嗜血性,但是果然還是走的有些中規中矩呢,比不上真正的媒體。各大版面都有明顯的主題,多是以介紹Savonarola的各種面向為主題,過程真的十分有趣,我們努力呈現了當代可能的社會觀感,組員之間配合的天衣無縫,特別是報紙最後排版的部分,看到成品的瞬間真的非常感動。<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">張語涵(政大中文系畢業)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> 雖然並沒有編輯排版的相關經驗,但看到大家這麼精彩有趣的報導作品,除了油然生出「非呈現出大家的努力不可!」的使命感外,隨著反覆閱讀,整份報紙的架構和長相也漸漸在腦中清晰了起來,最後呈現出來的就是這份立場鮮明、外觀走假復古路線的「薩佛納羅拉粉絲報」。將印刷好的成品交給組員時聽到「好開心」的回應也是我最開心的一刻。是一次非常有意思的作業經驗!</span><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-50914281139875505722014-04-16T09:15:00.001-07:002014-05-04T10:11:17.216-07:00《佛羅倫斯週報》<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><strong>報紙簡介:</strong></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /> </span>1494</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年<span lang="EN-US">11</span>月<span lang="EN-US">17</span>日法王<span lang="EN-US">查理八世(Charles VIII, 1470-1498)</span>進入佛羅倫斯;同月<span lang="EN-US">21</span>、<span lang="EN-US">24</span>日,發生衝突事件。我們將這份《佛羅倫斯週報》設計於<span lang="EN-US">11</span>月<span lang="EN-US">25</span>日發行,是由於此時市民對於法軍的看法開始轉變、薩佛那羅拉(<span lang="EN-US">Girolamo Savonarola, 1452-1498)</span>聲勢漸升,各種臆測與輿論四起的時候。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一篇特稿、三篇市民投書,報社的口號為「吾愛吾城」,將《佛羅倫斯週報》設計為匯集市民的各種意見、歡迎市民踴躍投書的刊物,是要強調當時左右佛羅倫斯命運的不只是法王查理八世、<span lang="EN-US">皮耶囉‧梅第奇</span>、薩佛那羅拉,「市民」同樣也是構成佛羅倫斯這座偉大城市的要素,共同寫下歷史。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<strong>報紙圖片:</strong><br />
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※因為Blog能提供的圖片解析度有限,若是讀者看不清楚內文,可以連結到本部落格Picasa相簿,裡面可以放大以利讀者閱讀報紙以及圖片。(連結網址:<a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/103867028349079085064/XhXVj02?authuser=0&feat=directlink">https://picasaweb.google.com/103867028349079085064/XhXVj02?authuser=0&feat=directlink</a>)<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWa81iHOqZwpH7Fj22S8hZh0xmjeK-zWKbFBYUpCwmH6iv_b3WHb6NTxyG9bBDafPnu0dQUPYhEUMpySnuOrbKlZ157llU7fNHuRVMAq2hXLlgVw6PdeQiAtiiSNIs8AzI8s2P_7C8iGdc/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWa81iHOqZwpH7Fj22S8hZh0xmjeK-zWKbFBYUpCwmH6iv_b3WHb6NTxyG9bBDafPnu0dQUPYhEUMpySnuOrbKlZ157llU7fNHuRVMAq2hXLlgVw6PdeQiAtiiSNIs8AzI8s2P_7C8iGdc/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-001.jpg" height="640" width="452" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A1頭版新聞</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-O_j56NjtLcCz0femAQ96C-xkqwMxBDhIDmZrS5AOtWXSg2uoiUsjD5fKtqJvEcehJtGOLPpY2N4iBhFYgtWmOCqJKZA0uYW80gtKGq6fxaA96tXBddhnV4wzLfttK8_zdXQudd7xwTp7/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-O_j56NjtLcCz0femAQ96C-xkqwMxBDhIDmZrS5AOtWXSg2uoiUsjD5fKtqJvEcehJtGOLPpY2N4iBhFYgtWmOCqJKZA0uYW80gtKGq6fxaA96tXBddhnV4wzLfttK8_zdXQudd7xwTp7/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-002.jpg" height="640" width="452" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A2一週大事</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOA-2YPfxsdVuoo7kpnmvXO_WjaP7nYyh6lgzWvLL2eLjgZpGoYKsNQu0k346_W3eapGsQ6ZlpcQcUKcaVzFj3cPmf-vCmgoXuctXerjGH5XmxssgrW25uVk3HkSVNrwAD5mhy2ZDU2kaw/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOA-2YPfxsdVuoo7kpnmvXO_WjaP7nYyh6lgzWvLL2eLjgZpGoYKsNQu0k346_W3eapGsQ6ZlpcQcUKcaVzFj3cPmf-vCmgoXuctXerjGH5XmxssgrW25uVk3HkSVNrwAD5mhy2ZDU2kaw/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-003.jpg" height="640" width="452" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A3時事新聞</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguy8V3D2YGHUa2BVSFrC1S_DIcPKKOeE-ZygB2ze7EB-SGsxEDHgVJPhqztbivszvjJfZPqoD-dG5eKzvHEgOD5zfQAiL-lxfyOZzyOfF-cKtYyl32D024ynePUEV3BxONMAXpIfNNnUUL/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguy8V3D2YGHUa2BVSFrC1S_DIcPKKOeE-ZygB2ze7EB-SGsxEDHgVJPhqztbivszvjJfZPqoD-dG5eKzvHEgOD5zfQAiL-lxfyOZzyOfF-cKtYyl32D024ynePUEV3BxONMAXpIfNNnUUL/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-004.jpg" height="640" width="452" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A4時事新聞</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_niuz-wgS-h_cyTf2Skgrg0ci2YoCV-nMZftxwXQVZsJp25c_CtBsDNUwmoN7SjnLaIfRoU9tbU8LjkkK7SDpFD0Jro4k1H1lwKwmLtKDN1SFl3q75KoSjovMDB8oanBpJ1B8rhUGQauU/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_niuz-wgS-h_cyTf2Skgrg0ci2YoCV-nMZftxwXQVZsJp25c_CtBsDNUwmoN7SjnLaIfRoU9tbU8LjkkK7SDpFD0Jro4k1H1lwKwmLtKDN1SFl3q75KoSjovMDB8oanBpJ1B8rhUGQauU/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-005.jpg" height="640" width="452" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">B1焦點人物</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho2HmsSi5-JtNzZeIXXYa6F2BPYPRsBwqM2q5iVBvtDPDthBxAGRVb0JR9mygYoIXXBq4SZnFV-vJrmZP4mfWse6fnqI9zJG9lxjpPG9YJTxaFgIbku20r0pV9Bi8xvi_qOPQKywhFgwLy/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho2HmsSi5-JtNzZeIXXYa6F2BPYPRsBwqM2q5iVBvtDPDthBxAGRVb0JR9mygYoIXXBq4SZnFV-vJrmZP4mfWse6fnqI9zJG9lxjpPG9YJTxaFgIbku20r0pV9Bi8xvi_qOPQKywhFgwLy/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-006.jpg" height="640" width="452" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">B2焦點人物</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCqD4gtnoE0bxHn9lb6GiWUUxrWhc7HoNeTwATqpHV8S5M3Qq3nZ3DmG0gVDKyAM96eEa-VtLPASEgR7PmyOwawMJRM5ej-93UORCNAtIKB6c3ndvfrjYysb4lqMWp67fQJF-PgFPIluJ-/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCqD4gtnoE0bxHn9lb6GiWUUxrWhc7HoNeTwATqpHV8S5M3Qq3nZ3DmG0gVDKyAM96eEa-VtLPASEgR7PmyOwawMJRM5ej-93UORCNAtIKB6c3ndvfrjYysb4lqMWp67fQJF-PgFPIluJ-/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-007.jpg" height="640" width="452" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C1市民園地</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIu3g-AycoftIXXzmbqCQtZuhnk2LHiMpC0SoOj5YrSvVw6ZHlciF6Fjm4-phneat6bRNIVlPKvSmLCgLVulaw7Gk-5T8JdzEEH_rUu_NevB9S5h3-eHNMHjffol6TAZXmb1yypodGF1aB/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIu3g-AycoftIXXzmbqCQtZuhnk2LHiMpC0SoOj5YrSvVw6ZHlciF6Fjm4-phneat6bRNIVlPKvSmLCgLVulaw7Gk-5T8JdzEEH_rUu_NevB9S5h3-eHNMHjffol6TAZXmb1yypodGF1aB/s1600/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1-page-008.jpg" height="640" width="452" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">D1社會時事</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p><strong>製作同學心得分享:</strong> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">王煥文(臺大歷史系二年級)</span><br />
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</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 這次的期中報告,對我來說是一次很新奇的體驗。過去的報告通常會有固定格式,而我也習慣於依照既有的方法來做報告;但是這次不一樣,老師不僅不限制格式,甚至要我們以「不一樣」的方法來完成。我已經不清楚當時是怎麼決定用「報紙」作為報告形式的了,但在做報告的過程中,這種異樣、新奇的感覺始終存在。當然,報告的內容、脈絡都要依靠紮實的閱讀來建構,整份報紙並非只有題材新穎而已。我們能在許多不眠之夜後趕出這份報告,都要感謝組員宛穎、書亞、正揚、昱臻,以及助教百里的幫助。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蔣正揚(臺大歷史系三年級)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我覺得這次的報告過程是我必修課中挺有趣一次,不能說很輕鬆,但是卻相當扎實。過去我們總是依照固定的格式來寫報告,而且包括引註的方式都有規定,但這次卻是要我們自己發想,依照集體的創作、構思來將一個過去的歷史事件轉化為讓大眾更明白的形式,我想一開始對我們而言是有些困難。但隨著助教百里的教導、組員的同心協力,以及好幾個沒有睡覺的夜晚,還是完成了我們的報紙,用現今的報紙形式將文藝復興時的場景、人物呈現,可說是非常的令人振奮。最後,感謝昱臻、煥文、宛穎、書亞的齊心協力,讓我們完成我們的創作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">《佛羅倫斯週報》是我試著把歷史事件轉化為報紙的形式的初體驗,在這撰寫過程中,感受到歷史在故事和報紙形式所散發出來的氣息是如此的不同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">...</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。我們耳熟能詳的歷史故事,總是有著時間感,明顯是個後世對先前事件的評價和定位,而報紙的方式卻產生了一個有別於「歷史故事」的現象,有時空重疊的錯覺,而這錯覺又是如此的美妙,二十一世紀的學生,用十五世紀的記者和報社的新身分撰寫著十五世紀的事件,撰寫的過程和報紙的呈現,好似我同時看到了兩個時空,頓時間兩個相差五百多年的時代縮短了距離,而這樣兩個時空的連結乃是靠著記憶和強烈的想像力所構建的!最終報紙的呈現就是兩個時空交流所留下來的記錄。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">這樣的體驗對我來說既是歷史也是藝術!</span></div>
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</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-26773649300691442682014-03-12T09:56:00.000-07:002014-05-04T10:10:32.946-07:002014.03.21(週五)余文堂教授主講:在福爾摩沙遇見日耳曼人(17~19世紀上半葉)<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">主講人:余文堂</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">老師(國立中興大學歷史系兼任教授,中興大學文學院前院長,德國魯爾大學</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ruhr-Universitaet
Bochum</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">博士)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">主持人:花亦芬</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">老師(國立臺灣大學歷史系教授)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">時 間:</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">103</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">21</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日(五)下午</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3:30-5:30<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">地 點:國立臺灣大學歷史系會議室(文學院二樓)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><strong>演講摘要:</strong></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有關近代以來臺灣涉外關係的研究,國內外學者和專家較偏重臺灣與荷蘭、西班牙、英國、法國、美國和日本關係的研究,很少注意臺灣與「德國」的關係。多年前,因筆者從事「中德早期關係」專題研究,在耙梳史料過程中,就發現早自十七世紀以來,「德國」和臺灣已發生關係,但這一關係並不是國與國或統治者間的官方關係,而是德籍人士以商人、教士、軍人或在其他國家的商業組織服務的工作人員身份來臺而產生的關係。早期「德國人」來臺的背景是近代歐洲人的擴張與推動「重商主義」(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mercantilism</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),進行遠洋殖民貿易和資本主義經濟興盛的背景下,特別是在十七世紀歐洲爆發「三十年戰爭」(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Thirty Year's War, 1618-1648</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)與荷蘭人成立東印度公司來到東亞,以及十九世紀上半葉英人謀求與中國進行貿易的時期。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">十七世紀以來有那些「德國人」來過臺灣?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他們來臺的時代背景如何?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他們如何與為何來到臺灣?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4.</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他們對臺灣有何觀察和認識?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5.</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這些內容在學術有何貢獻?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">6.</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以及這些記錄對臺灣的近代史有何重要意義?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">筆者希望透過對這些問題的探討,進一步了解臺灣對外關係的歷史,同時也試著研究近代以來臺灣與歐洲海洋文化關係的一部份,尤其是與「德國」關係的內容。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第一位是亨德利克‧阿得利安斯</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(H.
Adriaensz)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,他生於「德國」布萊梅市</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(Bremen)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,未來臺前他是荷蘭東印度公司商船「燕荷恩號」</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(Enhoorn)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的高級舵手;</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1624</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">12</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,他被該公司聘為公司船隻進出大員的領港員三年。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當領港員期間,約</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1625</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年他繪有一張相當詳盡的大員與臺灣本島間海域圖,並在圖上以文字說明荷船如何安全進入大員海域。該圖現典藏在荷蘭海牙國立檔案館,編號:</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">VEL302</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第二位是新教牧師甘治士(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">G.
Candidius, 1597-1647</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),他來自「德國」普伐茨邦(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pfalz</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)庫哈特鎮(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Kuhardt or K</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ü</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">hardtt</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)。年青時因「三十年戰爭(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1618-48</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)」主要戰場在德意志地區,而避居荷蘭,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1621</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年年底入萊頓大學進修,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1623</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年在阿姆斯特丹</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(Amsterdam)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">晉升為牧師後,成為荷蘭東印度公司的宗教司鐸。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1623</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,甘牧師隨其他三位牧師東來,並於</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1627</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日來到臺灣安平,甘牧師來臺兩次共十年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(1627-31,
1633-37)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">;</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1627</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年第一次來臺後,先在大員熱蘭遮城宣教,後轉往新港社,在該地學西拉雅平埔族語,搭建竹寮開辦學校,並創建新教教會,且翻譯和編寫教理問答及荷蘭語和西拉雅平埔族語的字典,建立改革教會在臺灣傳播的基礎。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1631</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,甘牧師不被續聘,而離臺回巴達維亞</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(Batavia)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1633</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,他再度來臺傳教,但</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1636</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年因新港社有基督徒參與反抗荷蘭人的行動,並計畫殺害他與荷蘭士兵,他非常氣餒,於是隔年返回荷蘭,結束在臺第二次傳教工作。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1642</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,甘牧師再度來到東印度,曾想第三度來臺,但因在巴達維亞接任牧師和拉丁語學校校長的職務而作罷,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1647</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月於該任內去世。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在新港社時,甘牧師觀察平埔族的風俗習慣、政治組織、產物與宗教,以荷蘭文撰寫《臺灣紀略》</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(Discours ende verhael van </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">’</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">t eylant Formosa,
onder-socht ende beschreven door den eerwaerdigen domenee Georgius Candidius,</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">…</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一書,提供歐洲人,特別是荷蘭人治臺的重要參考資料。他是荷蘭東印度公司派來臺灣的第一位新教牧師,同時也是第一位來臺的德籍牧師,也是第一位將西方教育方式引進臺灣的歐洲人,他更是歷史上第一位進行對臺灣與歐洲文化交流與對臺灣的風俗習慣進行觀察,並記錄的「德國人」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第三位是尚貝格醫生</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(C.
Schamberger, 1623-1706)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,他生於「德國」萊比錫</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(Leipzig)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">14</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲時當過外科醫生巴赫特</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(C. Bachert )</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的學徒,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">20</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲通過醫師考試,並加入荷蘭東印度公司簽約四年。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1643</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,他經好望角、巴達維亞、果阿、錫蘭與波斯東來,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1646</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月奉命自巴達維亞來臺;</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1646</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">8</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">23</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日抵達安平,在熱蘭遮城行醫</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,惟行醫事蹟不詳,可能主要為當地荷蘭人看病。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1649</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年夏天,尚醫師離臺轉往日本長崎,擔任荷蘭商館醫師,同年底到江戶謁見德川家康,並為他治病。因尚醫師也精通數學與砲術,於是被留在江戶傳授半年。直到</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1651</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">11</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,他才結束在日本的服務。同年年底,他返抵巴達維亞,並繼續行醫四年後,回到家鄉萊比錫,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1706</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年逝世。雖尚醫生在臺行醫事蹟不詳,但應是近代第一位來臺,並引進先進歐洲醫術的「德國人」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第四位是司瑪卡爾登(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">C.
Schmalkalden</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),他生在「德國」哥塔</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(Gotha)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">市附近的弗利得里希羅達</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(Friedrichroda)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鎮。父親是該鎮議員,小時候受到良好教育。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1618-48</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年間,德意志地區受「三十年戰爭」的蹂躪,他也避走富裕的荷蘭,接受軍人的訓練,加入東印度公司服務。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1642-46</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年間,他隨公司船隻到過蘇利南、巴西與智利等地服務。從</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1648-52</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年間,他被派到東亞服務;在南美洲與東亞服務期間,他都留下記錄,返回歐洲後將手稿輯成書:《東西印度奇異旅行記》</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(Die<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>wundersamen Reisen des
C. Schmalkalden nach West- und Ostindien1642-1652)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,但沒出版也未被注意;直到</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1970</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代,有位研究生物的學者尤斯特</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(W. Joost,1937-2004)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">將該手稿加以整理和注釋後,於</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1983</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年由東德萊比錫的</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Brockhaus</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">出版社重印出版,從此這本手稿重見天日。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在重印手稿中頁</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">140-148</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,他記錄自</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1648</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月底到</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">6</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">19</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日來臺經過與在臺所見所聞,並用鵝毛筆繪製四張珍貴圖片</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">臺灣地圖、大員與熱蘭遮城、原住民與地方會議圖</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,這份對臺灣的記錄和這四張圖片亦是開啟臺灣近代史的資料,相當珍貴。他對臺的記載包括:地理位置、熱蘭遮城的建築和武裝、普羅岷西亞的街景、在安平的幾位「德國人」、漢人的墾植、豐富的物產、東部山區與平原的景觀、原住民的風俗習慣、服飾、居家、工具和信仰、對原住民的教化、「地方會議</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Landtag</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)和在大員的特有生物等。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1650</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">6</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">8</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日,他離臺轉往日本,結束他在臺快兩年的旅行。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5. </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第五位是赫波特(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A. Herport,
1641-1680</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),他來自瑞士,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1659</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年春天,他被荷蘭東印度公司派往東南亞,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1660</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年夏天他隨荷蘭援軍自巴達維亞來臺,他是參與荷軍對抗鄭成功軍隊的「德國人」,同時亦是見證國姓爺軍隊從</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1661</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">30</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日到</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1662</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日圍攻熱蘭遮城與雙方激戰及荷蘭人最後投降,撤返巴達維亞的情形。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1668</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月下旬,他返阿姆斯特丹後,將其出生入死的冒險故事用德文撰寫成書,並於次年將該書:“</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Reise nach Java, Formosa, Vorder-Indien und Ceylon, 1659-1668 </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">”(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1659-1668</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年在爪哇、臺灣、前印度及</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">錫蘭的旅行記)在瑞士伯恩(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Bern</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)出版,該書後於</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1930</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年在荷蘭海牙重印出版。書中有幅他描繪鄭成功軍隊與荷軍激戰的一景。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">此外,他亦對臺灣進行觀察與描述,包括:臺灣島及大員的概況、地理位置、地震、氣候、原住民風俗習慣、貿易、國姓爺軍隊圍剿大員與熱蘭遮城要塞情形、臺灣的豐饒、漢人的信仰與生活習慣等,亦都相當珍貴,且比司瑪卡爾登記載的還詳盡。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">6.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第六位是拉達</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(H. J. Rade)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,他來自「德國」司圖加特城(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Stuttgart</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),生卒年月日不詳,他是荷蘭駐大員軍隊的士官。自</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1661</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月底,鄭成功軍隊開始圍攻熱蘭遮城半年後,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">11</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月初荷蘭人接到滿清靖南王的來函,提議共同對抗國姓爺在中國沿海的勢力,荷蘭人派高雅格</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(J. Caeuw)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">將軍率艦前往會合,但失敗。致引起在安平的荷軍驚慌失策,士氣相當低瀰,軍心潰散。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">因此自</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">12</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月中旬,有幾位荷軍中的士兵開始叛逃至敵陣,拉達是其中之一;他是位戰場經驗豐富的士官,對荷軍在熱蘭遮城的武裝與防禦工事也相當清楚。他叛逃至鄭軍後,向鄭成功獻計攻城,不但備受禮遇和器重而升官,且是最後鄭軍攻陷熱蘭遮城的主因。他的叛逃不但促成荷軍的失敗與投詳,也結束荷人在臺灣</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">38</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的統治,同時也改變臺灣的近代史。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">7.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第七位是參與康熙帝命令繪製「皇輿全覽圖」的耶穌會德籍神父德瑪諾</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(Romain Hinderer)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">;他生於今天法國東部「亞爾薩斯」</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(Elsaß)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,該地雖現屬法國,不過此區在十七世紀上半葉屬「神聖羅馬帝國」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1706</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,他來華傳教,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1714</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日,他和雷孝思與馮秉正兩法籍神父在滿清官員和一小型艦隊的護送下搭船從廈門出發,經澎湖於</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">15</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日抵臺灣安平港後,前後花一個多月的時間測繪臺灣地圖,不過該圖只繪臺灣西半部地圖,因當時清朝只管轄臺灣西半部地區,東半部為原住民所控制,如到東半部區測繪會受到原住民的攻擊。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這一臺灣島圖附有經緯線、北迴歸線(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Tropicus Cancri</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)與標出西部沿岸雞籠寨、淡水廳等七個地名;圖左上邊還繪有中國福建省的部份鄰海的地區圖。該圖雖未把臺灣東半部畫出,不過對此圖方豪神父說:「…是臺灣地理史上空前的盛事,此後將近一百年間,歐洲出版的幾部有關中國的巨著,臺灣部分的材料,可說都脫胎於此。」臺灣史專家曹永和院士對此地圖亦說:「這是近世古地圖中,荷人被逐出臺灣以後,應用西洋比較科學的方法,測繪臺灣地圖的最後一次,而在清朝卻是最初一次了。嗣後迄至清末,臺灣地圖的繪製毫無進步。」這幅地圖不但提供滿清政府對臺灣西半部進一步的了解,且從馮秉正和德瑪諾兩神父寄回西方對臺觀察的信件中,亦提供歐人對臺進一步的認識。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">8.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第八位是來自「德國」東北部匹利茨鎮(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pyritz</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)的新教牧師郭士立(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">K. F. A. G</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ü</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">tzlaff, 1803-1851</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)。大學時他攻讀神學、醫學,並學習阿拉伯文和土耳其文,後來在荷蘭被訓練成新教傳教士。他很有語言天份,且是位多產的作家,有不少的英、德文著作,同時他亦是一位著名的漢學家,有多本漢文著作。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1842</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年中英鴉片戰爭後,在「南京條約」的談判中,他任英方翻譯員,後來又任香港政府的秘書和官員,除傳教外,他還協助英商進行鴉片貿易,亦擔任醫生、情報員等;這種多重身份與爭議的角色,遭致後來不少的批評。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">早在十九世紀二</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">代晚期,他就來到東亞,先到爪哇和暹羅,然後在三</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代初年,協助英商調查中國沿海各港口的貿易,對這些旅行他於</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1834</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,在倫敦出版:《</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1831</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年、</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1832</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年和</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1833</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年沿中國海岸三次航行的日記,附對暹邏、朝鮮和琉球的記錄》(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Journal of Three Voyages along the Coast of China, in 1831, 1832,
& 1833, with Notices of Siam, Corea, and the Loo-Choo Islands, London 1834</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">);其中他報導:</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1831</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年夏天,他第一次旅行,此次旅行從澳門出發沿中國東海岸北上到天津,然後返回澳門。這次航行他並未來臺灣,但同年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">8</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月初,他對臺灣有簡要的報導。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1832</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年春天,郭牧師進行第二次沿海旅行,以翻譯員和外科醫生身份在英商船「安賀斯特伯爵號」(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lord Amherst</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)進行的。同年</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">11</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日到</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">14</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日,在這次旅行中他確實經澎湖來過臺灣。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這兩次對臺灣的書寫和記錄含蓋多方面:包括對澎湖的景觀、人民的生活,臺灣歷史的發展、主權的問題、清朝在臺的官僚系統、原住民、產物和對外貿易,漢人族裔的生活與身分的認同、他們的耕作、與清廷的關係及他們的反抗,基督教在臺的傳播和對南部西海岸自然景觀與海港的觀察、以及對他登陸的地點「五條港」(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Woo-teaou-keang</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)的聚落和人民生活狀況等都有報導。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><strong>結語:</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這八位「德國人」的來臺,不但印證近代以來歐洲人以冒險患難的精神,遠渡重洋來到東亞,並迅速地把臺灣從中國大陸的邊緣和原始的狀態中,納入西方資本主義經濟與殖民貿易体系中,並首先成為荷蘭人在東亞貿易的中心或轉運站。自此,亞洲國際貿易競爭激烈,臺灣成為各國爭相奪取的戰略地區,也是當時西方列強勢力在東亞交會的場所。由於受到歐洲勢力的介入,尤其是荷蘭人和西班牙人,臺灣也因而受到他們的支配、宰制與剝削,但同時因受歐洲海洋文化的刺激,於是慢慢脫離原始與封閉的狀態,並開始邁向國際化與近代化,進而成為往後東西方列強覬覦的焦點。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">此外,從這幾位「德國人」在臺的傳教、服役、觀察、測繪與記述,不但可看出早期臺灣的良好的自然環境,豐饒的物產,同時也看出先民前仆後繼,披荊斬棘,慘淡經營,與周旋於原住民和歐洲人的情形。這幾份《旅行記》與臺灣地圖的繪製是了解近代歐洲人,特別是「德國人」自荷治時代到十九世紀上半葉參與在臺的殖民貿易、統治與英商開發市場的重要資料,同時也是研究臺灣的地理學、人類學、社會學、生態學、環境史和鄭成功驅逐荷蘭人歷史的重要材料,更是探討世界殖民史、東西交通史、文化史和在臺灣的原住民與漢人的生活史不可多得的素材,而且亦是探就早期臺灣與歐洲關係,特別是和「德國」關係珍貴的文獻。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他們對臺灣的觀察、測繪與記錄,意味著他們「看見臺灣,也聽見臺灣」,只是當時的臺灣是美麗與完整,而不是現今破碎的國土。另外,他們也讓福爾摩沙被看見,進而讓她與歐洲,甚至和世界連結;這些內容也印證近代歐洲人的擴張與他們在世界各地區勢力的角逐,也更是臺灣在東亞邊緣樞紐地位與在大海中飄盪命運的史詩。此外,他們對臺的意象與記載,雖帶有歐洲人的瞳孔與觀點,但這些內容亦應有他們的洞見,也能讓我們從這些境外的史料拼湊出臺灣古老的圖像與歷史的容貌。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">今天很高興有機會和各位分享最近年來我較關注的問題,希望透過以上的內容和各位一起來尋找臺灣的過去,但同時亦在尋找臺灣的未來與出路;因這段歷史也是臺灣的近代史起源的一部份,很值得生在臺灣、活在臺灣並站在這塊土地上的人們了解、重視與珍惜,因了解自己,才能使自己更具信心與活出自己。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-52874276812410126642014-03-05T23:57:00.002-08:002014-05-08T09:24:24.857-07:00從歐洲近代肖像畫傳統看杜勒與克拉納赫的傳承與創新<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">李孟瑄(臺灣大學戲劇系五年級)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">一、前言</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">從十五到十六世紀之間,歐洲阿爾卑斯山南北的肖像畫開始大量增加,尤其是在義大利與尼德蘭(今天的比利時與荷蘭)兩個地區。這兩地的繪畫傳統匯流在位中歐的德意志地區,並結出了不一樣的果實。此時德意志地區的藝術家,在受到外來新興的媒材、技法、表現主題衝擊之下,紛紛作出了不同的反應與對策,其中又以南方的杜勒(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Albrecht</span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Dürer, 1471-1521</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">),以及北方的克拉納赫</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(</span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;">Lucas Cranach the Elder,
1472-1553</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">最為聞名。本文將從介紹尼德蘭與義大利兩大肖像畫傳統開始;接著從肖像畫外顯的形象(擬真與類型)與其背後的功能兩個面向,來討論畫家創作的背後動機與最終成果的關係;最後,再檢視杜勒與克拉納赫各自如何因應新興的肖像畫潮流,呈接傳統並再創新局</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">二、兩大傳統</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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十五世紀上半葉,尼德蘭地區首次出現了「油彩」作為媒材的繪畫 。相較於義大利地區習慣使用的「蛋彩」,油彩細緻的處理可以將細節質感描繪得栩栩如生,達到前所未見的寫實風格。在這樣的媒材驅動下,畫家開始追尋最逼真的描繪,甚至追求可以欺騙眼睛(trompe l’oeil)、以假亂真的效果。如揚・范艾克(Jan van Eyck, c.1390-1441) 的〈忠實的紀念〉(Léal Souvenir, 圖一),顧名思義是要最「忠實」地使畫像主角能被永遠流傳下來。范艾克除了將這位無名的青年盡可能地逼真描繪,例如使用了四分之三側像(three-quarter view)以表現最完整的人臉面貌、臉部鉅細靡遺地描繪以及利用強烈對比的光影處理等等技法之外,畫面下方的刻字「Léal Souvenir」並不是真的刻字,同樣也是畫出來的!用意在於以精湛的技法,說服觀者他畫的是真實存在的空間與人物。[1]<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">〈圖一〉揚・范艾克,〈忠實的紀念〉</span></td></tr>
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相較之下,同時期義大利文藝復興早期(Quattrocento)的肖像畫家則傾向刻意地讓人物不那麼俱有真實的生命。[2]他們模仿古羅馬的錢幣與勳章上的頭像,使用側面像(profile)來畫肖像。這樣的手法刻意標誌的,是肖像主角的地位與權勢,塑造一個理想化的形象。巴爾多維內底(Alesso Baldovinetti, 1425-1499)的〈黃衣女子的肖像〉(Portrait of a Lady in Yellow, 圖二)正展現出這樣的意圖。我們看不到這位女子太多的個性或是面容上真實的細節,她像是被畫家「壓」在畫布上,變成平面一般。這裡呈現的並不是一個活生生的人,而是一個被理想化的女子。這幅圖像成了一個代表她社會地位與身份的符號。[3]<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpHNEOWHnBYQVL0OdfDFdZRS_k5vaB_ni4edTiM0TNwcb5nOOq0Xk1F6Z_iz71GN9PGL7BSxtDPUYjbop-Wxr1jnA2cJuHkhH-LKgF7yVTder_-Pkwd4mb4YtfnXP8r8JfNEllBJzYYkEP/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E7%2589%2587%25E4%25BA%258C.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpHNEOWHnBYQVL0OdfDFdZRS_k5vaB_ni4edTiM0TNwcb5nOOq0Xk1F6Z_iz71GN9PGL7BSxtDPUYjbop-Wxr1jnA2cJuHkhH-LKgF7yVTder_-Pkwd4mb4YtfnXP8r8JfNEllBJzYYkEP/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E7%2589%2587%25E4%25BA%258C.jpg" height="400" width="277" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: x-small;">〈圖二〉巴爾多維內底,〈黃衣女子的肖像〉</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>三、擬真或類型的普遍性</strong></span><br />
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為什麼會有這樣的差別?「肖像」一詞看起來不証自明,暗示著要畫得「像」才能被稱作肖像,如肖像的英文portrait隱含「描繪」之意,而義大利文ritratto則有「複製」之意。[4]這些語意上的解釋似乎都把肖像畫導向一個最終目標:擬真(likeness)。[5]不過我們必須考慮到一項關鍵因素:贊助者(patron)、肖像主角(sitter)、畫家與觀者四方之間的關係。[6]換言之,我們必須先了解前三方(如果委託者與畫像主角是同一人的話則是雙方)之間互相協調的結果,再考量到畫家、委託者所預期的觀者是誰、要如何呈現,才會是我們最終看見成品的樣子。因此肖像畫常常包含的不只是個體的相似性,還具有某種「類型的普遍性」(universality of type)。這種「類型的普遍性」可能來自於某種社會共同認可的形象,或是來自藝術家想像出來的理想典型。藝術史學者潘諾夫斯基(Erwin Panofsky)對於這種肖像畫的二元性(dualism of portraiture),給了我們一段很精確的說法:<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">一幅肖像畫的目標根據定義有兩個必要的元素<span lang="EN-US">……</span>它一方面試圖把主角與其餘人類不一樣的地方表現出來,甚至讓主角與不同時期或不同情況下自己的肖像產生差別;而這就是讓一幅肖像畫從「理想」或是「類型」區別出來的地方。在另一方面,它試圖找出主角與其餘人類共通的地方,還有他所擁有不因時間地點而改變的特質;而這就是讓一幅肖像畫從風俗畫(<span lang="EN-US">genre painting</span>)或敘事畫(<span lang="EN-US">narrative</span>)中的人像區別出來的地方。</span></span>[7]<br />
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即便一幅肖像畫可以傳達主角的相似性,它也可以同時體現出藝術家的想像、主角被賦予的社會角色、以及讓主角超越當下的特質。因此,我們在一幅肖像畫中往往可以看到「擬真」與「類型的普遍性」之間的拉扯,每一幅肖像畫都落在以這兩個特質為極限的光譜之上。<br />
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范艾克的〈戴紅頭巾的男人〉(Man in a Red Turban, 圖三)可能是表達肖像畫「擬真」最好的典範之一。在學界,這幅畫多被認為是畫家本人的自畫像。他眼睛直視著觀者,好像畫家在畫自畫像時側臉盯著鏡子看一般。范艾克毫不避諱地刻畫這名男子歲月滄桑的一面:臉上一絲絲的皺紋、不修邊幅的鬍渣以及泛黃的眼白。用力緊閉的雙唇以及桀驁不馴的表情似乎讓我們看到了他堅毅而且自傲的個性。這幅畫中最引人注目的非他頭上戲劇性的紅色頭巾莫屬。佔了三分之一的畫面,酒紅色頭巾在深色背景的襯托之下更顯突出。它的「凌亂」是被刻意安排過的。這絕對不會是這名男子穿戴上街的服飾。我們已經可以感受到畫家想要怎麼呈現這名男子:不遮掩自己的歲月、勇於表達自我、不受社會規範拘束、甚至與規範背道而馳。如果這真的是范艾克的自畫像,我們也不難看出這位畫家想怎麼樣的表達自己了。<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilQwUzl8VkJbjMXHSV6muLzKZs2uM-mVGXFqugIeibKJh7N-Ll2lCMC9HGECTyU_e4IWfP0CWleXp9MyZG_A-mwdNkgrf3etaYVZC5E63sAfoZ3bcjzXl_24HZFp_uEWC3saG7G6S6emem/s1600/%E5%9C%96%E4%B8%89.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilQwUzl8VkJbjMXHSV6muLzKZs2uM-mVGXFqugIeibKJh7N-Ll2lCMC9HGECTyU_e4IWfP0CWleXp9MyZG_A-mwdNkgrf3etaYVZC5E63sAfoZ3bcjzXl_24HZFp_uEWC3saG7G6S6emem/s1600/%E5%9C%96%E4%B8%89.jpg" height="320" width="231" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: x-small; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">〈圖三〉揚・范艾克,〈戴紅頭巾的男子〉</span></td></tr>
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反觀同樣是早期尼德蘭畫家的羅希爾・范德魏登(Rogier van der Weyden, c.1399-1464)所畫的〈一名女子的肖像〉(Portrait of a Lady, 圖四),我們可以看到畫家如何在肖像畫中表達主角的「類型」。從她的紗質頭巾看來她可能是平信徒婦女團體悲謹會(Beguines)的成員。燙得整整齊齊的頭巾、刻意被修飾過的細腰都是符合當時社會對於理想女性的期待。向下凝視的眼神更是符合女性應有的「謙卑」特質。范德魏登省略了多餘的臉部細節。相較於范艾克「寫實」的手法,他的畫筆較具有「表現性」(expressiveness),也就是他不再鉅細靡遺地雕琢每個細節,反而用象徵性的線條勾勒出嘴角、眼尾等處。這位無名女子可能一生中都從未如此的美麗、安詳過,但畫家把她最理想的一面永存在畫框之中。<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtcLR1yoP7AYxAm2SjCi0QYx-26SGWQCmyNaQEl5K_OYOBaDFnmPR0p-c9mVbQPFALfzM6A7HQUhh34xcyYK-39BMPlT_Va857y0OiUwAzz7XxrZmzLscngpYXAOZfGVNjR3noqUmglkYM/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E5%259B%259B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="約1455,油彩、橡木板,37 x 27公分,藏於美國,華盛頓特區,國家藝廊。" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtcLR1yoP7AYxAm2SjCi0QYx-26SGWQCmyNaQEl5K_OYOBaDFnmPR0p-c9mVbQPFALfzM6A7HQUhh34xcyYK-39BMPlT_Va857y0OiUwAzz7XxrZmzLscngpYXAOZfGVNjR3noqUmglkYM/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E5%259B%259B.jpg" height="320" title="羅希爾・范德魏登,〈一名女子的肖像〉" width="233" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">〈圖四〉羅希爾・范德魏登,<br />〈一名女子的肖像〉</span></td></tr>
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畫家在自畫像中呈現的自我形象,也同樣地在「擬真」與「類型」之間拉扯。以下從兩幅自畫像素描,我們可以看出畫家如何呈現不同的自我形象。義大利的拉斐爾(Raphael, 1483-1520)在青少年時期於父親的工作坊實習,此時他這幅〈自畫像〉(Self Portrait, 圖五)除了表現出年輕的他即擁有精湛的繪畫技巧外,也看得出他試圖把自己型塑成一名翩翩少年,似乎可以從這張理想化的面容中看出這名畫家未來的光景。反觀同時期德國的杜勒在熟練工時期(journeyman years)畫的〈自畫像〉(Self Portrait, 圖六)素描稿,則展現出截然不同的形象。他用手撐著頭,表情憂愁,似乎陷入了沈思。這樣表現憂鬱(melancholy)與沈思的手法,除了可能是他在上萊茵河地區(Upper Rhine region)實習時,受到來自尼德蘭藝術的影響之外,他也想藉此表達自己身為新興藝術家不同於常人的藝術特質。[8]<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeG5ODtwwlG-2ljaRrMWjYkx-JHQdoQg0WjGeCuM-bftJwtO3dBF1b8kE_1HoDWlKoSIPfVdLrauzAS0gdM5gnDGNwAo1L7KJXvTjv7fjlm5dWaY8SfxwoZrahUT7bq-g11kipxMphSCfX/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E4%25BA%2594.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeG5ODtwwlG-2ljaRrMWjYkx-JHQdoQg0WjGeCuM-bftJwtO3dBF1b8kE_1HoDWlKoSIPfVdLrauzAS0gdM5gnDGNwAo1L7KJXvTjv7fjlm5dWaY8SfxwoZrahUT7bq-g11kipxMphSCfX/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E4%25BA%2594.jpg" height="320" width="219" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">〈圖五〉拉斐爾,〈自畫像〉</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: x-small;">〈圖六〉杜勒,〈自畫像〉</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>四、肖像畫的功能</strong></span><br />
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除了上述我們必須考量到贊助者、肖像主角以及畫家三方的妥協與溝通之外,還有一個值得我們注意的要素:肖像畫的功能。肖像畫雖然功能不一,但是大部分訂製肖像的人都清楚意識到這幅圖像可以超越死亡,被永久地保存下來,因此肖像畫幾乎都有相當程度的紀念(commeoration)性質。義大利人文學者阿爾貝提(Leon Battista Alberti, 1404-1472)曾說:「藉由繪畫,亡者的面容可以繼續存活很久。」[9]這樣永存的紀念性質主導了肖像主角想要如何將自己的樣貌保存於這個世界上。但如果要再更細緻地區分功能以及其脈絡的話,我們可以發現,即便同一個人也可能會想要以不同的形象保存自己。<br />
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十五世紀勃艮地公國的總理羅蘭(Nicolas Rolin, 1376-1462)為自己留下來了兩幅著名的肖像,分別是1433年范艾克的〈聖母與羅蘭總理〉(Madonna and Chancellor Rolin, 圖七)與1445-50年范德魏登〈最後的審判〉(The Last Judgment Polyptych)背面的肖像(圖八)。兩幅肖像雖然明顯可以看出是同一個人,並且都雙手合十、長跪祈禱,但是范艾克的羅蘭皺著眉、眼神堅定,而且身著華美的錦緞長袍,明顯比較嚴肅並且貴氣,展現出他的權勢與聲望;相反地,范德魏登的羅蘭表情上則較顯哀愁與脆弱,全黑的服裝雖然從皮草襯裡可以看出其精緻,但相較之下保守許多,整體展現出謙卑的形象。這樣形象上的差別可以從幾點來看:首先,范德魏登這幅的成畫時間較范艾克晚了十幾年,羅蘭本人的年紀可能是原因之一;再者,兩位畫家本身技法的差別也造成了表現上的不同;而最後考量到兩幅肖像的功能時,我們就可以更明瞭之間的差別。范艾克的這幅可能是為羅蘭的兒子所繪製。做為家族流傳的圖像,為展現的家族權勢與地位,造就了位高權重的羅蘭形像,他甚至與聖母在畫面上具有對等的地位。而范德魏登的羅蘭只是〈最後的審判〉祭壇畫其中一個鑲板的背面,而這幅祭壇畫是由羅蘭捐贈予一家醫院的禮拜堂。作為給病人祈禱、觀想用的宗教圖像,意在撫慰人心,羅蘭當然不宜表現得過於自滿,應當是謙卑而且虔敬。[10]<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">〈圖七〉揚・范艾<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">克,〈聖母與羅蘭總理〉</span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 細明體;">〈圖八〉羅希爾</span>・范德魏登,<br />〈<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最後的審判〉(背面局部)</span></span></td></tr>
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肖像畫的功能五花八門。從中古末期開始,富裕市民階級興起,這些掌握財富與知識的家族開始想要為自己的歷史留下記錄,家族便記錄成為肖像畫的一大功能。除此之外,諸如作為政治外交上的工具、真實人物的替代品、展示品、娛樂品、見證文件、自傳等等,肖像畫的功能不勝枚舉。而在十五世紀印刷術開始普及之後,可以大量快速印製印刷版畫成了一種全新的媒材,肖像畫也藉此找到了新的功能。<br />
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紐倫堡人文學者閔采爾(Hieronymus Münzer, 1437/47-1508)曾寫道:「傑出人士的肖像之於沒受過教育或不識字的人,相當於文字書寫之於知識份子。」[11]這樣的「示範性」(exemplariness),在印刷術普及之後,導致肖像版畫時常被當作政治、宗教宣傳使用。印刷品相較於油畫、蛋彩畫等媒材來得更便宜且便於流傳,在識字率仍不高的時代,版畫將印刷書本上的文字圖像化,將資訊流向底層民眾,加速了知識的流通。 德意志地區的杜勒與克拉納赫都善用此項新興工具,他們各自經營的工作坊也都身兼印刷廠的角色。神聖羅馬帝國皇帝馬克西米利安一世(Maximilian I, 1459-1519)在1518年即向杜勒定製了自己的肖像木刻版畫(圖九)以作為政治宣傳與流傳後世;而克拉納赫眾多的路德版畫更為宗教改革後路德教派的宣傳利器。(圖十)[12]<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: x-small;">〈圖九〉杜勒,〈馬克西米利安一世〉</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: x-small;">〈圖十〉克拉納赫,〈壁龕中的路德〉</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>五、杜勒與克拉納赫</strong></span><br />
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德意志地區此時的肖像畫在表現上深深受到尼德蘭與義大利兩大傳統的影響,並在此基礎上發展出自己獨有的特色。杜勒與克拉納赫,作為十五、十六世紀之交德意志南(紐倫堡)、北(薩克森)的兩大代表畫家,分別對於義大利與尼德蘭藝術做出了截然不同的反應。<br />
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杜勒因紐倫堡的地利之便,橫跨過阿爾卑斯山即可抵達義大利,從小就接觸許多來自義大利的工藝品與藝術品,他自己也在1494-95年以及1505-07年兩度造訪威尼斯。而他早年的熟練工時期(journeyman years)在上萊茵河流域接觸到了來自萊茵河下游的尼德蘭藝術,在晚年(1520-21)也親自到了尼德蘭地區。在1499年為紐倫堡當地貿易商漢斯圖荷(Hans XI Tucher)所繪製的肖像畫中(圖十一),杜勒將尼德蘭最新穎的肖像畫主題引進了紐倫堡。他使用了胸像(bust)來繪製肖像,並以自然風景與掛毯作為背景,這些主題在紐倫堡當地都是前所未見的。在此之前的肖像畫幾乎都是以單色作為背景。這種錦緞掛毯加上窗戶外風景的組合,在十五世紀下半葉是尼德蘭繪畫中是專門使用在聖母像裡的題材(圖十二),杜勒首先將此宗教主題使用在世俗肖像畫上,給予了肖像主角超越其世俗地位的尊嚴以及榮耀。那張貴氣的掛毯更有可能代表著圖荷家族長期與義大利密切的貿易關係。杜勒成功地於既有的繪畫傳統之上作出了自己的創舉,並滿足了贊助者的家族傳統。[13]<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">〈圖十一〉<span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">杜勒,〈漢斯圖荷肖像畫〉</span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">〈圖十二〉<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">漢斯</span>・梅</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: x-small; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">姆林,<br />〈寶座上的聖母抱子與二天使〉</span></td></tr>
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在他1506年〈玫瑰花環的盛宴〉(Feast of the Rose Garlands,圖十三)之中,我們更可以看到南、北兩大繪畫傳統如何在他身上開花結果。這幅畫是威尼斯當地的德國兄弟會所訂製,在作為一祭壇畫的同時,它也是一幅團體肖像畫,描繪出兄弟會的成員以及跪在聖母兩側的教宗與皇帝。[14]整幅畫的構圖是模仿義大利「神聖的對話」(sacra conversazione)傳統,大概是受到威尼斯畫家貝里尼(Giovanni Bellini, c.1430-1516)的影響。[15](圖十四)「神聖的對話」構圖中將聖母抱子置於中央的寶座,周圍環繞聖徒;可以類比地,杜勒將環繞聖母的聖徒替換成贊助者與教宗、皇帝。值得注意的是,天使幫聖母加冕、以掛毯作為聖母寶座,其實都是尼德蘭繪畫的傳統。聖母本身披散的頭髮,以及和藹、慈祥的神情也更接近尼德蘭的聖母,而不像是貝里尼安坐在寶座上,高不可攀的聖母形象。杜勒像是德意志文藝復興的集大成者一般,將兩地的傳統融匯,再造出自己獨有的風格。他在追求義大利戲劇性的構圖以及對於人體比例的理想美的同時,也崇尚尼德蘭對於細節、質感、紋理的刻畫。他在〈玫瑰花環的盛宴〉中,畫上了自己的自畫像(右上方拿捲軸者),在他身後的阿爾卑斯山似乎暗示著,他就是這麼一位橫跨山脈南北的藝術巨匠。<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc-f0vmR7qqs-_a9QDCXiWI260mgW8-FFx3lEA6DiHToRLJsZtWTCyI9y_HNN8XQciYRRR5g0A8xam1VpwnpQi_gonO4zp2epfWiUiw9_DtpMduquBrlaQyIFht7i-WjFe__K2SoA8h3zX/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25B8%25891.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc-f0vmR7qqs-_a9QDCXiWI260mgW8-FFx3lEA6DiHToRLJsZtWTCyI9y_HNN8XQciYRRR5g0A8xam1VpwnpQi_gonO4zp2epfWiUiw9_DtpMduquBrlaQyIFht7i-WjFe__K2SoA8h3zX/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25B8%25891.jpg" height="337" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">〈圖十三〉<span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">杜勒,〈玫瑰花環的饗宴〉</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4DFAbqUwY8740chlpt8AW0CuyybS6LI5xTxObe_diCQB79cowP8Veyr_prXm_vhm67PKr0b6OiVQbSjd4kV_r2Zn6BrkPipltyLGgSSgiUk0r0-cMUHgnCon2XIW2I2V0QmhrS7NZRx3r/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259B%259B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4DFAbqUwY8740chlpt8AW0CuyybS6LI5xTxObe_diCQB79cowP8Veyr_prXm_vhm67PKr0b6OiVQbSjd4kV_r2Zn6BrkPipltyLGgSSgiUk0r0-cMUHgnCon2XIW2I2V0QmhrS7NZRx3r/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259B%259B.jpg" height="640" width="348" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">〈圖十四〉<span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">貝里尼,〈聖約伯祭壇畫〉</span></span></td></tr>
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克拉納赫早年崇仰、學習前輩大師杜勒的風格,然而卻在晚年選擇了一條截然不同的道路。他在早年維也納時期(1501-5)接觸了義大利文藝復興與杜勒的藝術,迅速吸收學習並在短短幾年內將自己俱有濃厚人文主義色彩的多瑙河風格(Danube style)臻至巔峰,同時在名聲上取得與杜勒並駕齊驅的地位。從他在1500年左右畫的〈一名無鬍鬚男子的肖像〉(Portrait of a Beardless Man, 圖十五)中,我們就可以看出此時他還是個杜勒的追隨者。與杜勒1499年的〈漢斯圖荷肖像畫〉(Portrait of Hans XI Tucher, 圖十一)比較就可以看出,從柔和的用色、以風景為背景的構圖到莊嚴的人物神情,克拉納赫筆下的無名男子處處都可以看到杜勒的影子。<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPTVGJgMG3_rXZ5lr3um4TMzae0ZL09tPDW_im6at5qFftA0e5OhZqGhV25kdlbfApywezprY8FCcIRkBP6qbUa6Y0rEjjQMqcaYyLxNx1RlS6JhdSopEvx_9SAPvZNFDQvAwYtJ_bwCd-/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25BA%2594.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPTVGJgMG3_rXZ5lr3um4TMzae0ZL09tPDW_im6at5qFftA0e5OhZqGhV25kdlbfApywezprY8FCcIRkBP6qbUa6Y0rEjjQMqcaYyLxNx1RlS6JhdSopEvx_9SAPvZNFDQvAwYtJ_bwCd-/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25BA%2594.jpg" height="400" width="283" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">〈圖十五〉<span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">克拉納赫,〈一名無鬍鬚男子的肖像〉</span></span></td></tr>
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然而,在他前往威騰堡(Wittenberg)成為薩克森選侯智者腓特烈(Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, 1463-1525)的宮廷畫家,並與路德開始合作之後,他的風格開始大幅轉變。從1525年的〈一名女子的肖像〉(Portrait of a Woman, 圖十六)中,我們就可以瞥見克拉納赫風格巨大的轉變:這名畫中女子已經不具有任何文藝復興的理想美。鵝蛋臉、櫻桃小嘴、紅潤的臉頰、甜美的神情以及華麗繁複的服飾,皆是克拉納赫朝向另一個理想典型邁進的明證。這些甜美醉人的特質令人聯想到中古末期的哥德藝術(Gothic art),完全跳脫了當時的主流——莊嚴的文藝復興風格。他將更具表現力、更不講章法的哥德藝術融合進自己已經成熟的風格中,造就了他的威騰堡風格(Wittenberg style)。[16]他刻意違抗在當時被視為理想標準的文藝復興規範,回頭往中世紀取經,試圖開展一個新的德意志藝術。<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXzxRbHw9-mEvNGRF5V92-xas15GqOjP8FvVJqZP_YxCtw0nGoVYxJa4B8QuuDuseghM7_AESPylrIRRlkzNGjymT21xWfodqI9FlSUpaOhdm2IcrM_OYsoSjDCqDGwEsId6-repo-YhAt/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2585%25AD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXzxRbHw9-mEvNGRF5V92-xas15GqOjP8FvVJqZP_YxCtw0nGoVYxJa4B8QuuDuseghM7_AESPylrIRRlkzNGjymT21xWfodqI9FlSUpaOhdm2IcrM_OYsoSjDCqDGwEsId6-repo-YhAt/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2585%25AD.jpg" height="400" width="276" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">〈圖十六〉<span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">克拉納赫,〈一名女子的肖像〉</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>六、結語</strong></span><br />
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肖像畫在十五世紀開始大量增加,使得它成為了一門獨立的藝術範疇。王公貴族以及富裕的新興市民階級為此時主要的肖像畫訂製者。訂製者、畫家、與肖像主角三方之間的溝通協調,以及訂製背後的目的(亦即肖像畫的功能),主導了肖像畫最終成品的樣貌。畫家得以在此之中做出自己藝術風格的選擇,此時尼德蘭與義大利兩大傳統提供了選擇的依據;但是一幅肖像究竟是要畫得「像」、還是要畫得「理想」,往往還是取決於上述的條件。<br />
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杜勒與克拉納赫為當時德意志最著名的兩位肖像畫家。他們抓住了新興的肖像畫市場,並奠基於阿爾卑斯山南、北兩大傳統上,各自為德意志地區開創藝術的新局。杜勒像是一位人文學者一般,集合了古今南北的知識於一身,使得德意志的藝術得以和義大利、尼德蘭相媲美。在他的肖像畫之中,我們可以看到一名藝術家擠身城市精英階級的氣魄與自傲。而克拉納赫則在晚年刻意背離了似乎無可動搖的傳統框架,試圖找尋新的表現手法,創造出更具「本土味」、更標示著自己特色的德意志藝術。他們各自留下了大量的肖像畫,讓我們得以看見當時的藝術家如何看人、當時的人如何看自己、以及希望如何讓自己的形象被永久地保存下來。<br />
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[1] Luke Syson, “Witnessing Faces, Remembering Souls,” in Renaissance Faces: Van Eyck to Titian, ed. Kate Bell (London: National Gallery Company Limited, 2008), p. 22.<br />
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[2] Syson, p.21.<br />
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[3] Elena Greer, “Alesso Baldovinetti: Portrait of a Lady,” in Renaissance Faces: Van Eyck to Titian, ed. Kate Bell (London: National Gallery Company Limited, 2008), p. 22.<br />
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[4] Syson, p.14.<br />
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[5] 在英文中,擬真(likeness)一詞在一些脈絡下甚至可以作為肖像(portrait)的同義詞。<br />
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[6] Shearer West, Portraiture, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 37-38.<br />
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[7] West, p.24.<br />
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[8] Michael Roth, “Albrecht Dürer and Strasburg,” in The Early Dürer, eds. Daniel Hess and Thomas Eser (New York: Thames and Hudson, 2012), pp. 44-46.<br />
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[9] Jennifer Fletcher, “Renaissance Portrait: Functions, Uses, and Display,” in Renaissance Faces: Van Eyck to Titian, ed. Kate Bell (London: National Gallery Company Limited, 2008), p. 46.<br />
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[10] West, pp. 22-24.<br />
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[11] Fletcher, p.51.<br />
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[12]https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pd/a/albrecht_d%C3%BCrer,_maximilian_i.aspx,摘錄於 27 December 2013。<br />
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[13] Dagma Hirschfelder, “Dürer’s Early Private and Commissioned Portraits between Tradition and Innovation,” in The Early Dürer, eds. Daniel Hess and Thomas Eser (New York: Thames and Hudson, 2012), pp. 108-110.<br />
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[14] Fletcher, p.46.<br />
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[15] Katherine Crawford Luber, “Dürer as Painter,” in The Essential Dürer, ed. Larry Silver and Jeffery Chipps Smith (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), p. 72.<br />
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[16] Steven Ozment, The Serpent and the Lamb: Cranach, Luther, and the Making of the Reformation, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011, p. 27.<br />
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<strong>附圖詳細資料:</strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">〈圖一〉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;"></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">揚・范艾克,〈忠實的紀念〉(或〈一位年輕男子的肖像〉),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">1432</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,油彩、木板,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">43.5 x 19</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公分,藏於英國,倫敦,國家藝廊。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jan van Eyck, Léal Souvenir (or Portrait of a Young Man), 1432, Oil on wood, 34.5 x 19 cm, National Gallery, London, UK.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">〈圖二〉巴爾多維內底,〈黃衣女子的肖像〉,約</span><span lang="EN-US">1465</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,蛋彩、油彩、木板,</span><span lang="EN-US">63 x 41</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公分,藏於英國,倫敦,國家藝廊。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">Alesso Baldovinetti, Portrait of a Lady in Yellow, c. 1465, Tempera and oil on panel, 63 x 41 cm, National Gallery, London, UK.</span></span><br />
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">〈圖三〉揚・范艾克,〈戴紅頭巾的男子〉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">1433</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,油彩、橡木板,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">33 x 26</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公分,藏於英國,倫敦,國家藝廊。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">Jan van Eyck, Man in a Red Turban, 1433, Oil on oak panel, 33 x 26 cm, National Gallery, London, UK.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">〈圖四〉羅希爾・范德魏登,〈一名女子的肖像〉,約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">1455</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,油彩、橡木板,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">37 x 27</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公分,藏於美國,華盛頓特區,國家藝廊。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">Rogier van der Weyden, Portrait of a Lady, c. 1455, Oil on oak panel, 37 x 27 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, USA.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">〈圖五〉拉斐爾,〈自畫像〉,約</span><span lang="EN-US">1499</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,炭筆、紙,</span><span lang="EN-US">38 x 26</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公分,藏於英國,牛津,阿須摩林博物館。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">Raphael, Self Portrait, c.1499, Chalk on paper, 38 x 26 cm, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">〈圖六〉杜勒,〈自畫像〉,</span><span lang="EN-US">1492</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,墨水、紙,藏於奧地利,維也納,阿爾貝蒂娜博物館。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">Albrecht Dürer, Self Portrait, 1492, Ink on paper, Albertina, Vienna, Austria.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">〈圖七〉揚・范艾克,〈聖母與羅蘭總理〉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">1435</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,油彩、木板,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">66 x 62</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公分,藏於法國,巴黎,羅浮宮。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">Jan van<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eyck, The Madonna and Chancellor Rolin, 1435, Oil on Wood, 66 x 62 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris, France.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">〈圖八〉羅希爾・范德魏登,〈最後的審判〉(背面局部),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">1446-52</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,油彩、木板,藏於法國,博訥,主宮醫院博物館。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">Rogier van der Weyden, The Last Judgment Polyptych (detail on reversed side), 1446-52, Oil on wood, Musée de l'Hôtel-Dieu, Beaune, France.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">〈圖九〉杜勒,〈馬克西米利安一世〉,</span><span lang="EN-US">1518</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,木刻版畫,</span><span lang="EN-US">44.5 x 32.8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公分,藏於英國,倫敦,大英博物館。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">Albrecht Dürer, Maximilian I, 1518, Woodcut, 44.5 x 32.8 cm, British Museum, London UK.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">〈圖十〉克拉納赫,〈壁龕中的路德〉,</span><span lang="EN-US">1520</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,銅刻版畫,</span><span lang="EN-US">16.9 x 11.6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公分,藏於英國,倫敦,大英博物館。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">Lucas Cranach the Elder, Luther in a Monk’s Niche, 1520, Engraving, 16.9 x 11.6 cm, British Museum, London, UK.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">〈圖十一〉</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">杜勒,〈漢斯圖荷肖像畫〉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">1499</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,油彩、木板,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">28x24</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公分,藏於德國,威瑪,城堡博物館。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">Albrecht Dürer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Portrait of Hans XI Tucher</i>, 1506, Oil on panel, 28 x 24 cm, Schlossmuseum, Weimar, Germany.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">〈圖十二〉</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">漢斯</span>・梅<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">姆林,〈寶座上的聖母抱子與二天使〉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">1499</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,油彩、木板,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">57 x 42</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公分,藏於義大利,佛羅倫斯,烏菲茲美術館。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">Hans Memling, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Madonna and Child Enthroned with Two Angels</i>, 1480, Oil on panel, 57 x 42 cm, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">〈圖十三〉</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">杜勒,〈玫瑰花環的饗宴〉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">1506</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,油彩、木板,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">162 x 194.5</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公分,藏於捷克,布拉格,國家藝廊。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">Albrecht Dürer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Feast of the Rose Garlands</i>, 1506, Oil on panel, 162 x 194.5 cm, National Gallery, Prague, Czech Republic.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;"><o:p>〈圖十四〉</o:p></span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">貝里尼,〈聖約伯祭壇畫〉,約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">1487</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,油彩、木板,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">471 x 285</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公分,藏於義大利,威尼斯,學院美術館。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">Giovanni Bellini, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">San Giobbe Altarpiece</i>, c.1487, Oil on panel, 471 x 285 cm, Gallerie dell’Accademia, Venice, Italy.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">〈圖十五〉</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">克拉納赫,〈一名無鬍鬚男子的肖像〉,約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">1500</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,油彩、木板,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">46 x 33</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公分,藏於德國,克朗伯格,黑森家族基金會。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">Lucas Cranach the Elder, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Portrait of a Beardless Man</i>, c.1500, Oil on panel, 46 x 33 cm, Hessische Hausstiftung, Kronberg, Germany.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">〈圖十六〉</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">克拉納赫,〈一名女子的肖像〉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">1525</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,油彩、櫸木板,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">35.9 x 25.1</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公分,藏於英國,倫敦,國家藝廊。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">Lucas Cranach the Elder, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Portrait of a Woman</i>, c.1525, Oil on beech wood, 35.9 x 25.1 cm, National Gallery, London, UK.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<strong><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">圖片資料來源:</span></strong><br />
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<span lang="JA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖一</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_van_Eyck_092.jpg"><span style="color: blue;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_van_Eyck_092.jpg</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖二:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alesso_Baldovinetti_002.jpg"><span style="color: blue;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alesso_Baldovinetti_002.jpg</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="JA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖三</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://daydreamtourist.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/portrait_of_a_man_by_jan_van_eyck-small.jpg"><span style="color: blue;">http://daydreamtourist.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/portrait_of_a_man_by_jan_van_eyck-small.jpg</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="JA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖四</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rogier_van_der_Weyden_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"><span style="color: blue;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rogier_van_der_Weyden_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖五:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.wikipaintings.org/en/raphael/self-portrait#close"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.wikipaintings.org/en/raphael/self-portrait#close</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖六:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.wikipaintings.org/en/albrecht-durer/self-portrait-with-a-wrap-1492"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.wikipaintings.org/en/albrecht-durer/self-portrait-with-a-wrap-1492</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="JA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖七:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Jan_van_Eyck_070.jpg"><span style="color: blue;">http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Jan_van_Eyck_070.jpg</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="JA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖八</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:<a href="http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/w/weyden/rogier/08beaune/index.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/w/weyden/rogier/08beaune/index.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖九:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Portrait_of_Emperor_Maximilian_-_WGA7201.jpg"><span style="color: blue;">http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Portrait_of_Emperor_Maximilian_-_WGA7201.jpg</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖十:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/collectionimages/AN00047/AN00047184_001_l.jpg?width=304"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.britishmuseum.org/collectionimages/AN00047/AN00047184_001_l.jpg?width=304</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖十一:</span><span lang="EN-US">The Early D</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ü</span><span lang="EN-US">rer, eds. Daniel Hess and Thomas Eser (New York: Thames and Hudson,
2012), p. 109.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="JA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖十二</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://uploads4.wikipaintings.org/images/hans-memling/madonna-and-child-enthroned-with-two-angels-1480.jpg"><span style="color: blue;">http://uploads4.wikipaintings.org/images/hans-memling/madonna-and-child-enthroned-with-two-angels-1480.jpg</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖十三:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Feast_of_Rose_Garlands_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"><span style="color: blue;">http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Feast_of_Rose_Garlands_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖十四:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Giovanni_Bellini_-_Pala_di_St_Giobbe.jpg"><span style="color: blue;">http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Giovanni_Bellini_-_Pala_di_St_Giobbe.jpg</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖十五:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://uploads4.wikipaintings.org/images/lucas-cranach-the-elder/beardless-young-man.jpg"><span style="color: blue;">http://uploads4.wikipaintings.org/images/lucas-cranach-the-elder/beardless-young-man.jpg</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圖十六:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi02gmvDr9VxhIc-IMBsZsuymOWFdxOmascJ9cUwYpq_aZ2heQsofUu8RsW9O1gMGoEQyfvWh7qyryrWJxpw2BY2m3Oflc9FxAuTscfvkVFxA1KE_NP3hCDxsvnqu8CQ-DmHz0KiG4gk2F7/s1600/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Portrait_of_a_Woman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"><span style="color: blue;">https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi02gmvDr9VxhIc-IMBsZsuymOWFdxOmascJ9cUwYpq_aZ2heQsofUu8RsW9O1gMGoEQyfvWh7qyryrWJxpw2BY2m3Oflc9FxAuTscfvkVFxA1KE_NP3hCDxsvnqu8CQ-DmHz0KiG4gk2F7/s1600/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Portrait_of_a_Woman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-55032800377038875072013-12-14T07:22:00.001-08:002014-03-12T09:56:35.393-07:00東亞新秩序與不確定時代的挑戰<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><strong><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本文根據《全球化下的亞洲:二十一世紀第二個十年的現況與展望》(慶賀淡江大學一甲子校慶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Diamond Jubilee</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國際研討會)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Keynote
Speech</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">講稿修改而成(發表於新北市:淡江大學,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">2010</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">10</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">29</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日)。本文修改日期:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">2011</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">3</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">羅福全教授 <span lang="EN-US">(</span>淡江大學亞洲所日本研究組特約講座教授、前亞東關係協會會長<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">引言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">今後十年東亞區域面臨一個不確定時代(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Age of uncertainty</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的挑戰。歐美金融風暴引發</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1930</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代以來的全球性經濟衰退,東亞經濟輸出導向的高成長也受到衝擊。全球性的不均衡(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">global imbalance</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)問題使東亞經濟體面臨如何調整東亞經濟結構並擴大內需的問題。東亞國家因過份依賴三角貿易的生產結構與歐美各國貿易逆差擴大、外匯存底持續升高的動向、匯率的大幅調整,能否以有效對策解決貿易不均衡(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">trade imbalance</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)充滿了不確定的誘因,也關係到東亞經濟體整合的動向。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另一方面</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年可能成為東亞區域「均勢」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">balance of power</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)變動的一個轉捩點。中國的崛起在經濟上牽引東亞在二十一世紀持續高成長,使中國成為「世界工廠」。由於國力日增,軍事預算</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年間增加</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍,軍備支出僅次於美國,高居世界第二位。最近動向顯示,中國由一個大陸國家,逐步邁向海權國家,尤其</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年中國與周邊國家發生一連串的爭執。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1990</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代冷戰結束後在亞洲留下四個國家沒有民主化,就是中國、北韓、緬甸、與越南成為亞洲不穩定的國家。面對東亞的不確定性,美國、日本與其他國家如何共同確保在軍事上具有阻嚇力量的「均勢」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">balance of power</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。任何改變東亞地區均衡的變化將使東亞區域面臨一個不確定時代的來臨。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">1.</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進入二十一世紀東亞經濟體的新動向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進入二十一世紀,東亞經濟持續性的出口貿易與高成長造成全球性不平衡(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">global imbalance</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)日趨嚴重。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2008</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年由雷曼衝擊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rehman shock</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)引發美國金融風暴,迅速波及歐盟各國,被喻為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1930</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代以來的經濟大恐慌(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">great depression</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)其後許多歐盟國家又面臨財政危機。美國與歐盟平均失業率高達百分之十,消費能力大幅衰退,一般認為歐美經濟復甦遲延,充滿不確定的時間表。美國與歐盟占世界</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">GDP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的百分之五十四,這麼廣大市場的經濟衰退,對東亞新興國家輸出導向的經濟成長將帶來很大的打擊。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">長期以來東亞經濟持續高成長,並非由單一國家所領導。東亞經濟起飛,在早期有所謂雁行理論(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">flying geese theory</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)為核心,奠定輸出導向的經濟發展,九十年代被世界銀行稱為是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">”</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">東亞奇跡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">”</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">East
Asia Miracle</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。近二十年已經演化成為東亞國家之間生產過程上的國際分工,東亞國家中的先進國家,諸如日本、韓國、台灣提供技術與新產品的中間財(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">intermediate goods</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)與資本財(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">capital goods</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),由中國或其他中進國完成最終財(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">final goods</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)輸出到歐美及世界市場,這就是以東亞為主的三角貿易發展形態。近十年來中國經濟的崛起,形成「世界工廠」之稱的出口貿易。由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2001</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的十年間,中國貿易順差由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">225</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億美元增加為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1206</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億,尤其在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2008</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年高達</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2954</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億美元在雷曼衝擊後下降。而外匯存底則由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.21</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">兆美元增加為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.65</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">兆美元。這一次歐美金融危機與市場緊縮引發世界性貿易不均衡,中國是最大贏家。由於中國人民幣繼續採取對美元變動性固定匯率(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">adjustable peg system</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),人民幣升值非常緩慢,因而使美國貿易逆差持續擴大。兩國間開始形成貿易摩擦,與保護主義的抬頭的政治壓力。日本在高成長期曾引起八十年代美國持續性貿易逆差,而在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1985</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Plaza Accord</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,突然裁定美元對日幣由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">240</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,在短期內大幅升值變為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">140</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">左右,從此日本輸出競爭力<span style="color: black;">聚</span>降,同時引發不動產的泡沫經濟,造成其後日本經濟在九十年代「失落的十年」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">今天中國面臨的問題更為嚴重。因為比之</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1985</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的日本,中國面對的是,除了人民幣如何避免遽然升值的所謂衝撞落地(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">hard crash</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),又加上歐美市場,因這次經濟大恐慌而衰退,能否求之於東亞經濟體的內需擴大來支撐東亞經濟持續成長是一個不確定的誘因,無疑的將造成對中國經濟的雙重打擊。目前,日本、韓國、台灣及中國失業率亦偏高,如何擴大內需對東亞經濟體是一大壓力。過去十年印度經濟的崛起給東亞經濟帶來正面的發展,也使東亞經濟體,由日本與四小龍逐步擴大到澳、紐、東協十國,接著在最近十年帶動</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">13</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億人口的中國經濟達到百分之十的成長,亞洲經濟高成長圈現在又逐步擴及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億人口的印度。今後十年的印度將成為龐大外資與新產品技術的新天地,將促使東亞經濟體持續發展成為全球最大的高成長經濟體。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是今後十年中國經濟與歐美經濟所形成的全球性不均衡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(global imbalance)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陷入漫長的調整期。如何避免發生衝撞性落地的貿易與匯率戰爭,東亞經濟體與歐美諸國之間政治較力的風險與日俱增,是最大的不確定要因。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">2.</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">東亞經濟體的整合與「東亞共同體」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在經濟全球化的趨勢中,也是區域主義(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">regionalism</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的抬頭,區域性經濟體的統合逐步形成。歐盟由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">EEC</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">六國開始,在冷戰後擴大為二十七國會員國,北美則由美國主導成立</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">NAFTA</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。在東亞區域東協六國在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1967</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年成立以來,在冷戰後擴大為東協十國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(ASEAN 10)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2001</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年中國加入世界貿易組織</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(WTO)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不久就宣布在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年內與東協十國簽定自由貿易協定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(FTA)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,也就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ASEAN+1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,其後日本、韓國也跟進形成「東協加三」、印度、澳洲、紐西蘭的加入成為「東協加六」,隨之「東亞共同體」的構想,與由各國元首參與的「東亞高峯會議」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(East Asia Summit)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也應運而起。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">東協十國誕生後,就提出遠景希望在將來形成類似歐盟的共同體。「東亞共同體」如果以歐盟為典範則其憲章第一條是以人權、自由、民主的共同價值觀為基礎。這與東協友好條約中「以不干涉內政為原則」相互矛盾。中國、緬甸等國不可能接受類似歐盟的共同價值觀至為明顯。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另一方面東亞經濟體的整合,美國也不願被排除在外。美國將繼續通過既存的亞太經合會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(APEC)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">加入東亞經濟體,當然台灣也是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">APEC</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的成員。中國提出「東協加一」時蓄意領導東協經濟體,但是日本、印度、紐、澳、美國積極表態,無意被排除在外。「東亞共同體」成為不確定時代的產物。世界經濟中維持高成長的東亞經濟體的整合只能停留在東亞高峯會議。除了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">APEC</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,最近美國更積極提出「環太平洋合作關係協定」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TPP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tran-Pacific Partnership</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)推動自由貿易,這些國家包括:美國、新加坡、紐西蘭、智利、汶萊、澳洲、祕魯、越南、馬來西亞等國。日本亦於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">APEC</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">領袖會議上表明加入,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TPP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家將推動</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年之前全面撤廢關稅為原則。不同的自由貿易協定在東亞區域交錯發展,使東亞經濟體的整合呈現流動的時代。日本與印度在今年也同意簽定「日印經濟合作協定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(EPA<span style="color: black;">)</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這些以自由貿易協定為主的協定,也是二國或多國之間政治關係的整合與分峙。雖然「東亞共同體」是以東協十國為核心,但是無疑的是中國、日本與美國互爭東亞領導地位的一環,印度的經濟力量也是一個新的堀起。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">3.</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">面臨不確定時代與亞洲的民主崛起</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">3.1</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">冷戰結束後亞洲的後遺症:中國、北韓、緬甸、越南</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在第二次大戰結束六十餘年的歷史中,國際政治上最大的變遷應該是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1990</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年冷戰的結束。隨著蘇聯體制的崩毀,使東歐諸國紛紛走向民主化的國家,因而結束了在歐洲長達半世紀民主國家與非民主國家之間的對峙。在這一次大規模民主化浪潮中,亞洲有四個國家仍然維持在社會主義一黨專制的政治體制下,亦即,中華人民共和國、北韓、緬甸與越南同屬於非民主主義國家。換句話說,冷戰結束在亞洲留下來的一個包袱,使今日亞洲仍然處於一個新的不確定時代。而所謂新的不確定時代,是指非民主主義國家與民主主義國家逐漸形成對立的現實性與日俱增,對亞洲的和平安定投下新的陰影,尤其中國與北韓、緬甸加強同盟關係,東亞可能面臨比以前更不確定的時代。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1978</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年中國採取開放政策以來,尤其近十年的經濟成長率均維持在百分之十左右,國力日增,經濟上擁有世界最大的外匯存底以及世界工廠之稱的輸出貿易優勢,且二十年來以二位數的成長率擴張軍事預算,今年的成長率竟高達</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">12.6%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。軍事上充實遠洋海軍力量,由一個大陸國家逐步成為太平洋到東南亞海域又延伸到印度洋的海權國家,洲際飛彈的能力或可超越日本,躋身美蘇之列。在一個和平的亞洲環境當中蓄意擴張軍事力量,無非是中國決定走向亞洲超強(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Super Power</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的意圖,極為明顯。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年可能成為東亞區域如何維持「勢力均衡」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">balance of power</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的一個轉捩點。過去中國早就與鄰國短兵接觸。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1974</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出兵攻佔西沙群島,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1979</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年攻打越南,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1988</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年又和越南爆發</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">”</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">南沙群島海戰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">”</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1994</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年侵佔菲律賓宣稱擁有主權的美濟礁,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1995</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1996</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年對台灣發射飛彈、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1962</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年中印邊界戰爭以來的爭執,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2001</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年迫降美國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">EP-3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">偵察機,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2005</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年拒絕小鷹號航空母艦停靠香港,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2009</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年利用「漁船」騷擾美軍海測船「無懈號」,都是由中國引發的紛爭。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,中國一連串的動作被其鄰國看為是具有威脅性,而開始採取行動應付。從中印邊界阿魯納恰爾邦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">藏南地區</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的爭議,去年三月韓國天安號被擊沉事件,中方在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月在東協區域論壇上宣稱南中國海</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">140</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬平方哩為中國「核心利益」如同西藏與台灣,中日在東海油田上的爭執,九月中國漁船侵入日本尖閣列島海域重現對釣魚台主權爭端等,如同上自黃海、東海至南海的廣大海域為中國內海。美國國務卿希拉蕊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hillary Clinton</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)公開回應,宣稱以和平方式解決南海的爭議是美國的「國家利益」,去年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月在越南河內的東協區域論壇上表示「美國支持各方在不受威脅下採取合作的外交途徑解決各種領土爭議」,「反對任何一方採用武力或威嚇的方式」。而中國外長楊潔篪向東協代表說道「中國是個大國,而其他國家是一些小國,這是無法改變的事實<span style="color: black;">」</span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black;">。</span>美國也派遣華盛頓號核子航空母艦參與美韓軍事演習,又駛向南海軍事演習,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月與日本在釣魚台海域舉行日美共同保衛釣魚台軍事演習。印度比喻中國在印度洋建設「真珠項練」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">string of Pearls</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的基地,包括緬甸仰光外海,控制印度洋與東南亞航線的可可群島</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(CoCo</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Islands)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">成為中國的海軍基地。美國亦在印度洋上英屬迪亞哥賈西亞島(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Diego Garcia</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)擴建巡戈飛彈與核子潛艇基地,並擴建關島為超級軍事基地<span style="color: black;">。</span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多以爾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Michael Doyle) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教授曾提出「民主和平論<span style="color: black;">」</span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: black;">,</span> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">基於歷史性長期觀察的結論,過去在民主主義國家之間從未發生戰爭,而非民主主義國家與民主主義國家之間則時常交戰,非民主主義國家之間也發生不少戰爭。由此推論,擴展民主主義非但是世界安定的策略,也是美國在冷戰結束後外交戰略的一個支柱。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">根據</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Freedom House</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的年度報告,對亞洲各國的自由度與民主化的評價如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(1) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自由國家:日本、韓國、台灣、菲律賓、泰國、印度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">部份自由國家:新加坡、馬來西亞、印尼、孟加拉等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(3) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不自由國家:北韓、中國、緬甸、巴基斯坦、越南。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">特別是中國,在缺乏政治權利與市民自由化的排名,僅次於北韓之後,高居不自由國家的第二位。另一方面,日本則是東亞地區自由度最高的國家,而印度雖然經濟上落後於中國,亦名列自由國家之林,與北韓、中國相比,韓國、台灣都被列為自由民主國家。在同一時期由於中國崛起,日本在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1996</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年台海危機之後,就蓄意加強日美同盟的內涵,其後在阿富汗戰爭和伊拉克戰爭期間,日本都在憲法第九條所容許的範圍內,派遣日本自衛隊與軍艦參加後方支援活動,開啟日本對世界和平安全的國際貢獻。這是戰後日本參與國際活動的歷史性轉變,因而信心倍增。換言之,日本在亞太區域所扮演的角色和立場已經進入根本上改變的時代。美國就東亞的朝鮮半島和台灣海峽等不穩定的問題,認為在亞洲最可以信賴的盟友就是日本,這一點正符合日本在二次大戰結束以來開始參與亞洲和平安全的考量,日美同盟正是民主價值觀的同盟,也可以說是提供亞洲和平安全的公共財,台灣的安全亦深受其益。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">3.3 </span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣民主化與日美同盟</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的總統選舉,以民主方式完成「政權和平轉移」,使台灣一躍成為亞洲民主化的里程碑。換句話說,台灣在亞洲的民主崛起,受到全世界尤其是歐美國家的肯定與稱讚,民主化的台灣是台灣在國際上的最大資產。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣是一個多元價值的民主社會。台灣民主化十年二次政權輪替,兩大政黨對台灣將來的立場完全不同,國民黨極積開啟與中國交流朝向「終極統一」,民主進步黨強調台灣不屬於中國,是實質上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(de facto)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的獨立國家。兩黨互不相容的立場使台灣社會兩極化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2008</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,國民黨取得政權後開始採取「傾中政策」,另一方面根據歷年的民意調查,台灣居民絕大多數人希望維持現狀,高達八成的人自認以台灣人自傲。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">什麼是維持現狀,美日同盟對台灣的立場與民進黨立場頗為一致。日美同盟以為東亞的和平安全在於維持現狀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(status quo)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,日本與美國迄今認為「台灣不屬於中國的一部分」這就是台灣的現狀</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。但是,中國公開宣稱對台灣和平談判是「中國的國內問題」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日美同盟對台灣問題最具體的立場,就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2005</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月間由日美雙方外交、國防部長共同發表的「二加二」日美共同戰略目標,公開主張中國就台灣海峽問題是應以和平對談解決,並希望中國在亞洲扮演建設性角色。日美同盟對中國所採取的是一種「勸阻戰略」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dissuasion strategy</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),這與冷戰時期美國對共產世界採取的「圍堵戰略」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">containment strategy</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)是一種敵對關係,有所不同。日美與中國並非敵對關係,而是希望中國不要走向冒險主義,期待中國今後在亞洲扮演建設性角色。現實上,勸阻戰略能否發揮效用,必須具備強大的軍事抑止力量做為後盾。從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2005</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年起,美日雙方在亞洲開始提升足以嚇阻中國崛起的軍事力量。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">目前中國以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1400</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">枚飛彈對準台灣,這是否是對雙方和平對談的軍事壓力,馬政權的傾中政策是否已經乖離日美同盟維持現狀的前提:「台灣不屬於中國」。因此</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年東亞新形勢中,台灣是否是民主陣容的一份子,或者傾向中國而改變亞洲現狀,在東亞新形勢中成為一個不確定的因素。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">4.</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結語</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二十一世紀第二個十年正處於充滿不確定性的挑戰。導致亞洲國家如何調整對策,以降低可能的大變動。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">全球性的經濟不均衡,衝擊東亞經濟以三角貿易支持高成長的發展形態,如何擴大東亞內需,以及在匯率升值的壓力下如何調整亞洲生產結構上的國際分工。其核心問題在於美國與中國的經貿關係如何改善。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美國經濟占世界</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">GDP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">百分之二十四,中國輸出導向的經濟成長必須維持與美國不可分割的經濟關係,而且今後美國對中國經濟壓力將繼續提升。中國人民幣升值與貿易順差下降的國際壓力將導致中國經濟成長率緩慢下降。中國曾表示中國經濟成長率必須維持在百分之八才能吸收農村流向城市的勞動力,才不致於造成貧富不均擴大,而使中國社會陷入內政上的困境。如何確保對美貿易,又能平衡國內安定是一個兩難的選擇與挑戰。今年三月溫家寶在「全人代會」上宣稱中國今年經濟成長率將降為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,顯示中國將由高成長國慢慢走上中成長國。同時集中於中國的外資亦可能移向印度或其他亞洲中進國。日本以及東亞各國匯率不同幅度的升值,也影響到每一個國家的國際競爭力上下波動,印度不單是受惠國,也將成為亞洲區域新的安定力量。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由於中國的崛起與周邊鄰國引起爭執。美國宣稱重返亞洲是美國的「國家利益」,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年可能成為亞洲安保體系的一個轉捩點。美國除了與韓國在黃海。與日本在釣魚台海域,與越南在南海,甚至於在孟加拉灣與印度、新加坡、澳、紐、日本海上共同軍事演習,如同是民主國家連線的形成。中國加強與北韓、緬甸的結盟關係,加上與上海公約國(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Shanghai Pack</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的連合,隱然形成在亞洲區域民主與非民主國家連線之間的對峙。這種新形勢也是以中美關係為核心。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國經濟成長過程中,逐步現代化,將來能否如同韓國、台灣從一個黨政軍結合的一黨專制國家逐步走上民主化國家,或者,中國將以中國民族主義為後盾逐步傾向軍事冒險主義國家,是一個最大的不確定因素。為此,美日同盟與亞洲民主國家必須維持軍事力量的均勢,使它成為一道具有阻嚇力量的防火牆。這並非與中國敵對,而是希望能促進中國在現代化過程中在亞洲扮演建設性角色,才能緩和亞洲面臨一個不確定時代的挑戰。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2491081989090981720#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[1]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日本產經新聞</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 2010.10.25</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">報導。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2491081989090981720#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[2]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Arthur Waldron’s “Political
Aspects of Taiwan’s Security in a New Asian Environment” paper presented at
International Symposium on 50 years of U.S.-Japan Security Alliance for
Security of Taiwan, Oct. 5, 2010, Taipei. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">John
Pomfret, “U.S takes a tougher tone with China”, <u>Washington Post</u>, July
30, 2010 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2491081989090981720#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[3]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Praveen Swami, “US to
build </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">£</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 8bn super base on
Pacific island of Guam”, <u>Telegraph</u> Media Group, UK, Oct. 25, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2491081989090981720#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[4]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Michael Doyle “Liberalism
and World Politics”, <u>American Political Science Review</u> Vol. 80, No. 4,
Dec. 1986, pp. 1151-1169.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2491081989090981720#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[5]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最近的一個事例就是,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2007</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月聯合國祕書長潘基文在聯合國公開表示「台灣是中華人民共和國的一部分」。針對潘基文宣示,美國政府即時向聯合國提出一項備忘錄,明確表達不接受此一說法。並表示所謂「台灣是中華人民共和國的一部分」之說法,並非聯合國多數會員國的共識,也不是美國的一貫立場。日本在同一時間亦向聯合國總部表達同一立場。簡而言之,美國、日本與聯合國多數會員國認為中國就是中華人民共和國,但是台灣並非中國的一部分,中華民國在國際上並無國家地位,多數國家對台灣採<span style="color: black;">緊</span>「台灣國際地位未定論」的立場。這是五十年來國際社會對台灣地位一貫的立場,重要的是這一次美、日公開表示聯合國多數國家的立場不變,對此中國亦避而不談。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">John J. Tkacik, Jr</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">”Taiwan’s ‘Unsettled’
International Status</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Preserving U.S.
Options in the public.” Including the Memorandum which the U.S. diplomats
delivered to the U.N. is as fallows</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">”U.S. Non-Paper on the
Status of Taiwan.” <a href="http://www.heritage.org/Research/Asiaand%20the%20Pacific/bg2146.cfm"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.heritage.org/Research/Asiaand
the Pacific/bg2146.cfm</span></a> (June 19,2008)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。又參照自由時報駐美特派員曹郁芬華府</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2007</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日報導。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2491081989090981720#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[6]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Mark Landler and
Sewell Chan, “Taking Harder Stance Toward China, Obama Linus Up Allies” <u>New
York Times</u>, October 25,2010</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-90755537731354915372013-12-01T18:00:00.000-08:002013-12-03T06:59:47.385-08:00如何重新評論傳統「German Sonderweg」之問題?<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><b> </b>德意志的建國與納粹統治時期的德國,一直都是備受討論的史學範疇。前者將注意力放在「走向德國」的曲折路程,試圖解釋,為何德國的建國如此困難。相較於英法兩國,自中世紀起便走上中央集權國家的道路,德意志地區遲至西元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">1871</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">年,普法戰爭後才建立起德意志帝國(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">das Deutsche
Reich</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">),至西元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">1918-19</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">年才組織威瑪共和(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Weimar republic</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">)。其次,與納粹(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Nazi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">)相關的討論則環繞在其於德國獲得廣大迴響的原因。戰後,相關的討論不斷地開展。而時至今日,我們又該如何於前人的研究上,重新認識這兩個問題呢?對此,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Heinrich A.
Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">的著作</span><i style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Germany: The Long Road West</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">(德文書名</span><i style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Der lange Weg nach Westen</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[1] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">深刻地討論了這兩個問題,將它們放到自中世紀至當代的脈絡下檢視,並認為二者自始至終皆與神聖羅馬帝國形塑出的「帝國迷思」,甚至是與所謂的「特殊道路」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Sonderweg</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">)有關。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[2] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">就是這些概念影響了希特勒與他的納粹德國許多的宣傳口號。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">有條理地自中世紀至十八世紀的神聖羅馬帝國、路德與宗教改革、普魯士與奧地利二者爭強的複雜問題開始,逐步梳理德意志艱辛的建國路與建國後邁向帝國強權、威瑪共和與納粹時期的歷史脈絡。</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"> 本文將採用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">著作中的觀點,試圖討論如何重新理解並評論德國史中重要的問題。若我們調整視角,由更大的架構來理解整段德意志的歷史,那麼我們會發現,前段兩個備受討論的議題都與所謂「德意志的帝國迷思」以及「德意志帝國具有其發展的特殊道路」有關。德意志歷史發展的進程,便與這兩個因長期積累而難以改變的價值觀環環相扣。因此,前文中提及我們所關注的問題也可以調整為:德意志的歷史發展是否走在一特殊的道路上?或德國是否有專屬於德意志的特殊任務(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">a special German
mission</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">)呢?然而,無論關注的焦點如何變化,問題的本質皆不會改變,所有的討論皆會與前述兩個迷思有關。以下,將以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">的論述為主,先討論「特殊道路」以及德國與西歐(尤其是英法兩國)的差異,再從對「宗教性」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">religiosity</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">)的定義下手,處理</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">所討論的「現代性」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">modernity</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">)與德國歷史發展的問題。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif";">二、德意志的「</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sonderweg</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif";">」與所謂「西方」</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><b> </b>「所有區隔了德國與其他歐洲國家歷史發展的因素,皆來自於神聖羅馬帝國」,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[3] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">因此,在討論此地發展的「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Sonderweg</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">」時,勢必得先說明神聖羅馬帝國的結構以及其與德意志地區的關聯所在。理論上,神聖羅馬帝國皇帝的統治範圍包含整個帝國;但實際上,真正得以深入控制地方的人,並不是皇帝,而是位於「皇帝-領地君侯-人民」架構中的領地君侯。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">認為,德意志地區之所以無法早早地形成像英、法那樣的中央集權國家,和神聖羅馬帝國皇帝的性質以及在帝國架構下各種不同的侯國、自由市等分掉了實質統治權有關。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[4] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">簡而言之,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">認為神聖羅馬帝國之所以構成了德意志帝國建國的困難,正是由於德意志地區自古便沒有一個「統一」且具實權,而得以紮實控制這個地區的政治實體。</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify;">神聖羅馬帝國造成的另一個德意志建國難題,與「自由」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify;">liberty</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify;">)、「統一」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify;">unity</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify;">)兩個觀念有關。基於神聖羅馬帝國的存在以及其政治傳統,德意志地區的人民並沒有辦法同時並列「統一」與「自由」兩個概念。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[5] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify;">就實際層面而言,要嘛他們在分散的城市下享有自由,要嘛他們在單一的統治君侯下失去自由;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[6] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify;">就精神的層面而言,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify;">則指出,西元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify;">1789</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify;">年的法國大革命讓德意志地區接收了所謂自由思想的同時,也讓此處的人們意識到如此殘酷地進行革命(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify;">revolution</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify;">),以換取自由的方式是行不通的,因此往後發生在德意志地區的事件,皆盡可能地被化為溫和的反抗活動或是以由上而下的改革(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify;">reformation from
top</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify;">)代替之。透過拿破崙的占領,德意志人除了自由思想外,也見識到一個「統一」且具實權的中央集權國家的力量。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[7] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify;">雖然西元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify;">1848</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify;">年試圖建國的革命失敗了,但卻使德意志地區的人民體認到德意志的「統一」必然不能包含奧地利。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[8] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify;">而西元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify;">1871</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify;">年,德意志帝國建國時,俾斯麥在自由和統一間選擇了後者。在這個層面上,俾斯麥考慮到了普魯士及其周邊邦國可以透過統一各取所需:作為一個軍國主義邦國,普魯士需要周邊邦國的經濟力,以支持其龐大的軍費開銷;而相對的,做為普魯士附近軍事實力較弱小的邦國,他們則以其自身的經濟實力換取普魯士的軍隊,再加以換取自身的安全。建國後,這種相互協助的模式基本上仍然存在,只是換了一種模式出現:原先邦國與邦國間互助的形式,被納進「國家」的體制中,改以議會的樣貌出現。統一的同時,卻也因為普魯士軍國主義的本質,而無法在體質上同時接受民主的概念。</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">本節開頭所言的「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Sonderweg</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">」,指的是在西元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">1945</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">年以前,許多德意志人認為自己所屬的民族有著與他人不同,一極具目標性的歷史發展方向。這也正是筆者在前言中所提及「專屬於德意志的特殊任務」。當時的德國人相信,德國將會成為與眾不同且出色的國家。如此對未來的想像,可能與神聖羅馬帝國在近代早期屢戰屢敗的挫折有關。但事實上,「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Sonderweg</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">」的意義在二戰後,隨著強調轉型正義研究的推進,逐漸轉向另一個意義。在新的研究脈絡中,這個詞彙成為歷史詮釋的一部分,被用以解釋何以德國走上了納粹的道路。戰後的研究者將德國人對「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Sonderweg</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">」的想像,作為納粹在德國出現的因。他們認為正是因為德國人認為自己的國家終將成為獨一無二的,因而使希特勒得以抓住這個想像並加以發揮,進而釀成大禍。西元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">1945</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">年後,對於「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Sonderweg</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">」的討論,便主要聚焦在此。</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">前段所提及「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Sonderweg</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">」一詞在二戰後被賦予的新意義,也就是以「『歷史的發展具特定的方向以及獨特性』為藉口,將德意志帝國推向軍國主義/強權國家的體制」作為解釋納粹出現的重大緣由。然而,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">卻更進一步,於書中開頭便提到,「德意志與歐洲其他國家的差異並未大到足以稱其為一『特殊的德國路線』;而世界上也沒有任何國家的發展道路可以被形容為『特殊』。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[9] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">也就是說,他並不認為德國走在一條特殊的路上;另一方面,相對而言,世界上也沒有哪些國家的發展是「普通」而不特殊的。如此的立場反對了較早的研究者從德意志過往的歷史去尋找走向納粹的蛛絲馬跡的這一方法。因此在現代,如果我們要重新理解德意志的「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Sonderweg</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">」,我們必須知道,無論從二戰前或後的兩個意涵討論起,這條道路都受到了時代當下的侷限。二次大戰前,德國人會將自己歷史發展的軌跡理解為「德意志的特殊任務」,似乎便是隱含著當時他們對自己國家未來發展的樂觀其成,並也似乎展現了德意志對於其自身「偉大」、「不可質疑」的宗教性展現。而這樣的宗教性展現正是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">希望我們去注意到並盡力避免的,因為這正是德國歷史發展教導我們的事情之一。</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"> 在歷史學的許多領域中,所謂「現代性」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">modernity</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">)都是需要加以明確定義的。隨著討論所牽涉的年代、對象,甚至是論述進行當下,時代氛圍的不同,現代性一詞所指涉的意義都會隨之改變。而如何使用</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">「</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">現代性</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">」</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">一詞,便需要在不同的脈絡與情境下,不斷地定義並與其互動。至少在與德意志史相關的層面,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">認為,用以區隔傳統與現代的一個判斷標準,便是宗教與政治之間的關係。他以政教關係為標準,若有著明確的區隔便判斷具有現代性,反之則仍具傳統性質。舉例來說,拿破崙統治下的法國,由於統治者明確地將天主教與政治切割開來,以國家本身凌駕於天主教之上,因而被</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">認為帶有現代性。相反地,美國獨立運動的革命與獨立宣言仍舊由宗教理念所支持,而被</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">認為同時兼具傳統與現代性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[10] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">但當我們以此作為現代與傳統的分野時,也應該注意到,在這個判斷標準下,並不能單純以「宗教」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">religion</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">)一詞來進行討論,而必須使用意義更為廣泛的,甚至更為精準的「宗教性」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">religiosity</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">)一詞。「宗教」或是「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">religion</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">」兩詞無論在中英文當中,都帶有正統性及唯一性的意涵,其拉丁文字源便意為「正確的信仰」。喀爾文就是使用了如此的概念,用以強調其自身信仰的正確性及正統性。相較之下,「宗教性」或「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">religiosity</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">」的語意就更為廣泛了,除了一般所指稱的宗教之外,也可以用來描述以特定概念、價值觀凌駕於一切之上,形成一個類宗教(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">quasi-religion</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">)的價值體系。如此對特定事物的狂熱、信仰,便是所謂「宗教性」的展現。</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"> 以路德及其新教信仰為例,他雖然希望能將對基督的信仰及愛,內化到更深層的意識裡,而不用再依靠外來的力量(像是贖罪券或是善功)來證明自身的信仰,但這樣的訴求仍然需要透過與世俗統治者的相互協助,各取所需。各取所需的結果,便是政治與宗教性之間的相互糾纏。從另一層面來看,路德與統治者之間的關係也助長了專制政治的發展,因為他在認同各教區應由信徒選出該教區牧師的同時,他卻不認為應該由人民選出他們自己的統治者。簡單來說,路德是與統治階層是站在同一線的,甚至可以說「縮短了王權與祭壇之間的距離」,在政治上採用較為保守的作法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[11] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">因此,相較於喀爾文教派,路德教派更像是「染上了東正教的色彩」,不積極地試圖挑戰既有的政治框架。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[12]</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">時間稍微向後一點,來到德意志帝國建國前後。由於德國一直未能成功建國,一直是在體制內進行由上而下的改革而非革命,受過教育的德國人遂開始越來越希望能夠建國,以和世仇法國相互較量。這樣的迷思與基督教信仰中,世界末日的到來有關。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[13] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">西元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">476</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">年西羅馬帝國被滅後,神聖羅馬帝國便在世人心目中成為最後一個足以保護基督教不受「敵基督者(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">antichrist</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">)」攻擊的防禦力量,而儼然成為西歐文化的保護者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[14] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">再加上前段所述,路德教派在神聖羅馬帝國內造成的宗教、政治相互糾結的架構所造成的迷思。如此的迷思甚至嚴重到當德意志終於成功建國時,許多受過良好教育的德國人都高興地忽略了,成功建國的俾斯麥政府,將以軍國主義、開明專制的手段統治德意志帝國的可能性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[15] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">簡單來說,對當時受過良好教育的德國人而言,當下「建國」的重要性在他們心中,已經超越了對自由與民主的追求,成為一個宗教性的存在。更甚者,與其建國迷思相同,希特勒同樣也是利用了德國人民內心深處對於「大德意志」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">G</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">roßdeutschland</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">)方案的美好想像,進而得以透過各種手段唆使德國人民,共同為這個美好的手段努力付出。在這個層面上,希特勒顯然是知道自己正在利用德國人對帝國的「宗教性」想像的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[16]</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">縱使俾斯麥曾試圖透過文化鬥爭(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Kulturkampf</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">),以種種的立法限制,規範帝國境內天主教徒的結社自由、居住自由,以及相關考試科目等等,顯示德國開始初步地出現試圖擺脫政教相互糾纏帶來的負面影響,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[17] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">並試圖走上拿破崙時代將政治壓在宗教之上的模式,但整體來說,似乎要一直到二戰結束後,甚至是兩德統一後,德國才正式成功步入</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">的「現代性」定義中,成功將內心對於「帝國」的狂熱,將內心中對於由強權控制的德意志帝國形象消解掉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[18] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">據此,根據</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">的論述,德國現代性的建構,開始於二戰後,與德國人面臨如何重建自身成為一個「健康」的國家有關,也就是德國人如何拋棄其內心的宗教性想像,重新理解國家的意義。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[19] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">前述對德意志帝國的想像,如同東亞世界對儒教文化的想像,或者是美國對自身「帝國」以及「和平的守護者」形象的想像一般,都帶有「宗教性」的成分,意即認為某樣價值的重要性應是超越一切存在的。但德國歷史的教訓告訴我們,以「宗教性」作為國家基本體質的國家是不健康的。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif";">四、結論:「</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sonderweg</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif";">」存在嗎?</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"> 時至今日,我們又該如何於前人的研究上,重新認識德意志的建國問題及納粹的相關問題呢?我們又該如何重新思考德意志「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Sonderweg</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">」的相關問題呢?根據上文的討論,德意志「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Sonderweg</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">」觀念的出現,與當時的時代氛圍及歷史脈絡不可分視。這種觀念的出現,與德國人普遍認為,「德國的存在有其重要任務要達成」有關,而這普遍的認知又來自於政府以及知識界的肯定。當社會大眾對於自己國家的未來不再質疑,並一味地認為自己身處的國家有著一定的使命需要達成,甚或將國家本身提升到比個人信仰還要高的階層時,是非常危險的。</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">從德國的歷史經驗來看,過去發生的普魯士軍國主義或者是納粹體制有可能再次發生。</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">德國便曾將「愛國」定調為宗教信仰更為有價值的信念,甚至為國犧牲的舉動也會和殉教相提並論,其受推崇的程度甚至高於殉教。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[20] </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">這也正是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">於書中敘述到德意志建國後,提及布克哈特(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Jacob Burckhardt</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">1818- 1897</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">)所言,「歷史將染上德意志勝利的色彩」的原因。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[21] </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Winkler</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">便認為,這樣一種將國家本質宗教化的現象,歷史中既已出現過走向混亂與失序的例子,便應該竭力避免之。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: large;">五、餘論:德國與臺灣</span></b><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"> 六○年代開始,為了更清楚釐清納粹時期的各種責任歸屬,德國更加重視對於所謂「轉型正義」的研究,包含找出真正的迫害者,建立完整的研究體系,甚至也包含對受迫害者家屬的口述歷史訪談訓練等等。如今,正是在走過了這樣一段轉型正義的長路之後,德國才有辦法有今日的成果,重新擠身大國之列,在歐洲及國際舞台上再次佔有重要的地位。然而,這樣的強國地位並不是像昔日一樣,以強權的方式、帝國的型態,或是將國家的概念加上宗教性的想像得來,而是透過民主與法治的政府體制,一步一腳印紮實踏出來的。正是因為德國曾數次以軍國主義、帝國的形式建構出一個強權國家(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">Machtstaat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">),卻一再地失敗,並深知如此強權國家的體制在此並沒有辦法成功地推行,德國才有辦法在戰後重新反省自己過去曾走過的路,並深切的體認到真正的民主政治的運作模式、價值與其精髓所在。</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">臺灣與德國,也有相似之處。國民黨威權統治時代發生的二二八事件、其後的白色恐怖,與納粹對猶太人的歧視、屠殺,在本質上,都是部分群眾受到打壓,甚至是受到迫害的過往。正因此相似之處,轉型正義作為近來近現代史研究的重點之一,也時常為臺灣史學界所提及。然而,這樣的聲音似乎只存在於史學界及社會學界,相較之下,政治圈對此的討論似乎總是缺了一點,難以見到完整的討論。身為臺灣人,作為台灣島上的居民,我們應該如何面對過去威權體制所遺留至今的問題與應該被討論的過去?正如同德國總理梅克爾說的,德國的轉型正義將永遠走下去,這不但意味著對納粹、對迫害者的相關研究會繼續下去,也意味著德國將持續為過去他們所做出的事情付出責任,不斷地解決納粹德國所留下來的問題,並竭盡全力避免再發生相同的悲劇。或許我們也該效法德國,持續地關注和我們緊密不可分離的過去,並誠實面對我們的過去,才有辦法展望更好的未來。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> Heinrich A. Winkler, Germany: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Long Road West</i>, 2 vols. Oxford University Press, 2007.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> Winkler
vol.1, p.4.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原文為:「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Everything
that divides German history from the history of the great European nations had
its origin in the Holy Roman Empire.</span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Winker, vol. 1, p. 4.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> Winkler,
vol. 1, pp. 7-8.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> Winkler,
vol. 1, pp. 36-48.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">城市與領地軍侯間交換條件的詳細內容,並不是本文欲討論的範圍,此處僅做簡單說明。中世紀始,「城市」做為一個自身及周圍鄉村相互交換物資並發展的有機體,與其上頭的統治君侯交換條件:城市獲得自治權,統治君侯則相對地從城市得到固定數量上繳的收入。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Winkler, vol. 1, pp. 36-48.</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Winkler, vol. 1, pp. 90- 110.</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;">原文為"</span><span lang="DE" style="color: black;">Germany did not, according to the new prevailing opinion,
differ from the great European nations to an extent that would justify speaking
of a ‘unique’ German path’. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">And, in any case, no country
on earth ever took what can be described as the ‘normal’ path.</span><span style="color: black;">" </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Winkler, vol. 1, p. 1.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Winkler vol. 1, p. 42.</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Winkler vol. 1, p. 14.</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> </span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同上。</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Winkler vol. 1, pp. 4-11.</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Winkler vol. 1, pp. 4- 5.</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Winkler vol. 1, pp. 181- 191.</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Winkler vol. 1, p. 491.</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Winkler vol. 1, pp. 200- 204.</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Winkler vol. 1, pp. 1-2.</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Winkler vol. 2, pp. 102-107.</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Winkler vol. 1, p. 53.</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;">原文為:"</span><span lang="DE" style="color: black;">..., Jacob Burckhardt in Basel was already
predicting that within a few years, thanks to the moulting process taking place
within German historical scholarship, all of world history from Adam onwards
will be given a new coat of German victory paint and oriented towards the years
1870-1.</span><span style="color: black;">" </span><span lang="DE" style="color: black;">Winkler vol. 1, p.
238. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-23355267124344126292013-11-22T19:02:00.000-08:002014-04-16T09:21:14.280-07:002013.12.20(週五)王琪教授主講:1960年代西德學生運動背景及訴求分析<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-wpzsL-E1rFs9pwQ_FfCUASle4Wm-MYLTaausNoqO9k9GCJQy51VZ4-haznGGfcJCK5wL9iDPOKXWSaNvaQcmLuAwA_o7axd22DqknkbPOnuxT0Kr86wHpGV7zbTux5YhXbgcle4Ea9PT/s1600/%E7%8E%8B%E7%90%AA2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-wpzsL-E1rFs9pwQ_FfCUASle4Wm-MYLTaausNoqO9k9GCJQy51VZ4-haznGGfcJCK5wL9iDPOKXWSaNvaQcmLuAwA_o7axd22DqknkbPOnuxT0Kr86wHpGV7zbTux5YhXbgcle4Ea9PT/s1600/%E7%8E%8B%E7%90%AA2.jpg" /></a><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">● </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主講人:王琪</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教授</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif";">德國慕尼黑大學歷史學博士。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif";"> 國立成功大學歷史系退休教授,現任成大歷史系<br /> 兼任教授</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">●</span><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主持人:花亦芬</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教授</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臺灣大學歷史系教授</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">●</span><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">時間:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">週五</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">下午</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3:30-5:30</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">●</span><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">地點:國立臺灣大學歷史系會議室</span><br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-19063177949020261192013-11-22T19:01:00.000-08:002014-05-15T10:53:53.173-07:002013.12.18(週三)羅福全教授主講:從台灣近代化看二十世紀亞洲經濟發展的軌跡<span lang="EN-US"><br /><o:p><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">●</span><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主講人:羅福全</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教授</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前聯合國大學首席學術審議官及高等研究所副所長,前駐日代表</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">●</span><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主持人:花亦芬</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教授</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臺灣大學歷史系教授</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">●</span><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">時間:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">18</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">週三</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">下午</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2:20-4:20<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">●</span><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">地點:國立臺灣大學普通大樓</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">102</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教室</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-1301464625654420382013-10-06T09:31:00.000-07:002013-11-06T21:35:16.569-08:00踏上轉型正義思考之路的當代波蘭史學研究 [1]<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">陳襄(臺灣大學歷史系</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">98</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">級畢業生)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">近十年來,史學界出現了許多以波蘭文探討有關猶太人大屠殺(<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Holocaust</span>)的新研究論述。這樣的現象反應出了波蘭歷史學者們非凡的勇氣與智識,他們真誠而令人印象深刻地試圖撫平波蘭過去的創傷。同時,這些研究也象徵著波蘭在現今所參與的各式國際組織與歐盟的框架之下享有相當程度的和平、安全,以及這個發展速度極快的中歐國家在全球經濟體系中的繁榮、興盛。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">回到歷史脈絡來看,<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1939</span>年三月,由於波蘭拒絕與納粹德國合作,希特勒轉而與納粹意識形態對立的蘇聯聯手,德蘇雙方於同年九月分別自西、東兩側出兵波蘭,並在十月佔領波蘭全境。納粹在德軍佔領區內大肆殺害波蘭的政治與文化菁英,以及受過良好教育的人民,並限制波蘭人的食物供給以及控制其教育內容,甚至逕行將居民驅逐至波蘭總督府(<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">General
Government</span>,<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1939-1945</span>),試圖破壞原有的波蘭社會。[2] 而隨著波蘭第二共和(<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Second
Polish Republic</span>,<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1918-1939</span>)的體制遭受破壞,[3] 納粹的反猶主義(<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anti-Semitism</span>)也開始盛行於波蘭的德軍佔領區。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">根據德國學者<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andrea
L</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ö</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">w</span>與<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Markus
Roth</span>的研究,[4] 波蘭猶太人在原本波蘭的法律制度下原是隸屬於地方自治體(波蘭文:<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kehilla
or gmina</span>;英文:<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">commune</span>)的一份子,並如同一般的波蘭公民享有共同的權利。[5] 然而,納粹將原波蘭境內的猶太人強行驅逐至各地的猶太人居住區(<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ghetto</span>),並奪取他們的銀行帳戶、汽車、甚至是腳踏車等財物,也無疑表明了納粹將猶太人的財產視作戰利品。而進入猶太人居住區的猶太人除了遭受財產上的剝削、不受法律保護之外,還得面臨疾病與飢餓的威脅。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1941</span>年六月,納粹執行了巴巴羅薩行動(<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unternehmen
Barbarossa</span>),出兵蘇聯。在征服蘇聯佔領區後,納粹除了驅除蘇聯在當地所建立的政權外,也開始計畫在這些二度遭到外來政權統治的地方大量屠殺當地的猶太人。[6] 舉例而言,納粹在<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1939</span>年蘇聯所佔領的波蘭東部地區慫恿當地的波蘭人襲擊猶太人。[7] 另外,德軍也在驅除立陶宛的蘇聯政權後與當地的軍警合作,共同殺害當地的猶太人。[8] 這種「在猶太人的原居住地殺害猶太人」的模式正是所謂的「猶太人大屠殺」,並且在納粹驅除蘇聯政權的二度佔領區散佈得相當迅速,爾後也持續蔓延至蘇聯與原納粹德國的佔領區。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">大屠殺不只是納粹使用暴力以及戰爭加劇社會衝突所造成的結果,已經與被破壞的國家斷絕關係的公共團體也是原因之一。也就是說,納粹並非單純地獨佔這種暴力的使用,而是同時以組織或動員他人的方式行使暴力。波蘭歷史學者<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jan
Grabowski</span>與<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Barbara
Engelking</span>的研究不約而同地指出,[9] 在波蘭第二共和遭受破壞之後,波蘭的人事部門與一般人們對於統治者與法律的順從卻依舊持續連貫。舉例來說,波蘭警方在納粹德國佔領波蘭後雖然持續運作,但是聽令的對象和值勤任務的內容卻完全改變<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span>他們從原先防止納粹親衛隊(<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SS</span>)屠殺波蘭人民,轉變成追捕波蘭猶太人的幫兇。另外,納粹也會以波蘭人作為人質,動員波蘭地方政府追捕自集中營或是猶太人居住區逃脫的猶太人。再者,波蘭地方的領導人也有驅逐轄區內猶太人或是負責分配捕捉到的猶太人的財產的責任,否則將會遭受處罰。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">至於在鄉村地區,<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grabowski</span>與<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Engelking</span>兩位學者則指出農民的態度每每取決於鄰居之間的態度,而多數農民常是相互妒忌、比較、並看重財產的,進而十分注意彼此間的一舉一動。在這樣的前提之下,在納粹佔領的波蘭鄉村地區是相當不容易藏匿或包庇猶太人的。農民們很容易察覺鄰居異於往常的舉動,舉凡採集更多食物、生活作習改變、甚至是購買一份報紙都會被視為是正在協助猶太人。農民覬覦這些猶太人的財產,同時更懼怕納粹德國的報復,因此在納粹佔領區內的波蘭鄉村地區普遍流行相互指責監視的風氣。如此一來,農民自然就不願意對猶太人伸出援手,這也造成波蘭人往往先是扮演猶太人拯救者的角色,在取得他們的財產後卻立即向警方通報舉發的反應。<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">當然,我們也不能輕易忽視那些仍具有無私精神而選擇拯救猶太人的波蘭人,甚至有為了向世人揭露納粹行為的真相而自願進入華沙猶太人居住區與奧斯威辛(<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Auschwitz</span>)集中營的波蘭人。<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jan Karski</span>(<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1914-2000</span>)曾親自進入華沙的猶太人居住區觀察紀錄其中的波蘭猶太人,並向波蘭流亡政府、英、美等同盟國報告納粹德國在佔領區內的滅絕營(<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">extermination
camp</span>)進行猶太人大屠殺的狀況;<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Witold
Pilecki</span>(<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1901-1948</span>)則自願被囚於奧斯威辛集中營,嘗試組織內部反抗並蒐羅情資,使得波蘭流亡政府得以讓同盟國確認猶太人大屠殺正在發生。不過兩位波蘭學者的研究,也清楚地說明在<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1943</span>年至<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1945</span>年間,成功自集中營、毒氣室逃脫而尋求波蘭人協助的波蘭猶太人絕大多數是慘遭聽從納粹政策與法律的波蘭人毒手,而並非德國人。<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">要追究其他造成波蘭鄉村地區農民們懼怕收留猶太人而互相監視告發、或是背叛陷害波蘭猶太人的原因,在納粹德國佔領區施行的反猶主義也是重要的因素之一。依照常理,在反猶主義的影響之下,波蘭人對於猶太人的關懷程度是可能會有所降低的,不過波蘭學者們認為,我們不能將原因完全歸咎於納粹意識形態,畢竟人們的行為並非全然由意識形態所主導。<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grabowski</span>在仔細地研究波蘭一個區域內個別的案例後發現,殺害猶太人的波蘭人在二戰後加入與納粹意識形態截然對立的共產黨的可能性反而是比較高的。這樣的結論與另一位波蘭歷史學者<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jan
Gross</span>的意見不謀而合:選擇和外來政權合作的人們與下一個外來政權合作的可能性相當地大。在這現象背後,機會主義、利益、權力和金錢等誘因往往是造成人們去協助集權政治幫兇的主要因素。<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">波蘭在二戰後的共產政權延續著先前納粹德國政權的政策,將他們所殺害的猶太人財產沒收充公。更甚者,波蘭共產政權捏造了一個迷思,同時也是現今部份波蘭民族主義者經常持有的論調。首先,他們錯將波蘭人與波蘭猶太人共同塑造成戰爭的受害者,接著,再以帶有反猶主義的論述暗示波蘭猶太人應感謝在二戰時本身亦相當無助卻英勇的波蘭人向他們伸出了援手。這些歷史學者們的研究著作無疑是對上述的說法做出回應並進行反思、同時也重新建立起大屠殺對於波蘭歷史的真實意義。<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">[1] </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">參考自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Timothy
Snyder</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">The
New York Review of Books</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">所發表的文章。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Timothy
Snyder, <i>Hitler’s Logical Holocaust</i>,
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/dec/20/hitlers-logical-holocaust/</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">2012</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">12</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">月)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">[2] </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">波蘭總督府是德軍在佔領波蘭後未被納粹劃入第三帝國境內的地區,此地區的總督是由納粹的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Hans
Michael Frank</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">1900</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">1946</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">)擔任,實際上是納粹控制下的省份。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">[3] </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">波蘭第二共和</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: BiauKai; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">國成立於第一次世界大戰後,儘管面臨了國內不同勢力以及領土重新劃分時來自鄰國的壓力,但該國仍持續存在至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: BiauKai; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">1939</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: BiauKai; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年德蘇入侵為止。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: BiauKai; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[4] Andrea Löw and Markus Roth, </span><i><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Juden in Krakau unter deutscher Besatzung 1939-1945</span></i><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">(</span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Göttingen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">:
</span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Wallstein, 2011</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">).</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[5] Kehilla</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: BiauKai; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: BiauKai; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">1918</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: BiauKai; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: BiauKai; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">1940</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: BiauKai; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年間存在於波蘭、</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">立陶宛、拉脫維亞、愛沙尼亞以及烏克蘭等地區的地方性猶太人自治體,其中的猶太人享有語言、教育等文化方面上的自治權利。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Gmina</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: BiauKai; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">一詞則源自於德文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: BiauKai; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Gemeinde</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: BiauKai; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,是最基層的自治單位,由當地居民自行集結討論,負責地方上的公共交通、醫療衛生、環境秩序、文化教育等事務管理。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">[6] </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">這些地方包含了波蘭東部地區、立陶宛、拉脫維亞、愛沙尼亞。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">[7] </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">相關敘述可參見兩部波蘭學者們的著作:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Jan
Gross, <i>Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne,
Poland </i>(Princeton University Press, 2001);</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">以及:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Pawe</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">ł</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">
Machcewicz and Krzysztof Persak,<i> Wokó</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">ł</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">
Jedwabnego</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">, two volumes (Warsaw: Instytut Pami</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">ę</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">ci
Narodowej, 2002).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[8] Christoph Dieckmann, </span><i><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Deutsche Besatzungspolitik in Litauen 1941-1944 </span></i><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">(Göttingen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">:
Wallstein, 2011</span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[9] Jan Grabowski, <i>Judenjagd: Polowanie na </i></span><span class="subtitle"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Ż</span></i></span><i><span lang="PL" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">y</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">dów 1942-1945. Studium dziejów pewnego
powiatu </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">(Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Bada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">ń</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">
nad Zag</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">ł</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">ad</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">ą</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Ż</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">ydów,
2011); Barbara Engelking, <i>Jest taki pię</i><i>kny, sł</i><i>oneczny dzień</i><i>: Losy Ż</i><i>ydów szukają</i><i>cych ratunku na wsi polskiej 1942–1945 (</i>Warsaw:
Stowarzyszenie Centrum Bada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">ń</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> nad Zag</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">ł</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">ad</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">ą</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Ż</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">ydów,
2011<i>).</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></span><br />
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林欣蓓(臺灣大學外文系三年級)</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">一、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">前言</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《德國:走向西方的漫漫長路》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Germany:
The Long Road West</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)一書開宗明義點出,歷史學界在討論德國史時,一直有個備受爭議的重大問題:「德國是不是走上了一條專屬於德意志的『特殊之路』?」然而在試圖回答之前,首先應仔細審視這個問題本身。誠如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Winkler</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自己所提之反問,真的有任何一個國家能自稱其發展歷程為「正常之路」嗎?從這個角度去思考,便可推測這種「特殊之路」的說法應非源自於德意志,反而更可能是在西元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1945</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年二戰結束以後,納粹政權令人聞之色變的種種暴行,才由其他國家加諸於德國史之上的。之所以大膽做出這樣的推論,是因為這位大學者同時提到另一個在德國史上備受重視的問題:「希特勒究竟何以崛起?」尤其是在大戰中對猶太民族的種族滅絕政策,在在標記著納粹德國令人背脊發寒的「罪行」。因著這個罪行的畏懼與驚駭,其他國家為德意志的國家發展下的註解,就是一條不同於他們的「特殊之路」。</span></div>
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<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 由三十年戰爭期間宗教上的反猶,再來拿破崙時期文化上的反猶,直到十九世紀下半葉開始種族上的反猶,本文希望藉由爬梳德意志歷史,辨明德意志民族對於國家想像的輪廓。對德意志人而言,「國家」究竟是什麼呢?如何才能界定「我是誰」?縱觀紛紛擾擾的德意志史,如同波濤洶湧之下潛伏著的緩緩暗流,貫穿了整部史書的其實是德意志民族幾百年來對一個明確自我的渴望。因為無力界定「我是誰」,於是轉而嘗試界定「誰不是我」,希望能藉此更接近自己,更接近一個專屬於德意志民族的國家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">——</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">德國。與其說德國走的是一條不同於他國的特殊道路,不如說這個國家的特殊性之所以如此被強調,是因其過於強烈的自我追尋所導致的極端後果,而德國史學界至今仍舊不斷透過界定「德意志的特殊性」為過去辯解,便是仍舊走不出陰霾的最佳寫照。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">二、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">三十年戰爭:宗教反猶主義</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">遠在神聖羅馬帝國時期,德意志這片廣袤的土地實際上便不具強而有力的中央集權力量,而是以各領地君侯為單位,星羅棋布地散落著諸多地方政權。然而這樣的體制卻也運行良好,直至西元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1517</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,馬丁路德的九十五條論綱與其後如火如荼在各地蔓燒起來的宗教改革運動,為這一片幾百年來守著地方自治傳統的平靜海面捲起了一波波浪濤。緊接而來的是宗教戰爭前仆後繼的烽火,一叢叢地在德意志各地延燒,然而點燃戰火的卻從來不是德意志本身,而是那些覬覦她坐落於歐陸中央的位置、欲將其開拓為戰場好保全自己國土安危的外來勢力。血流遍野的三十年戰爭,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1648</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年西發里亞和約簽訂以後塵埃落定,但神聖羅馬帝國卻從此真正徒具軀殼,遍佈於德意志之上的各個地方政權也因此延續著中世紀的腳步,溫溫吞吞地得再走上好幾個世紀的分裂,才終於踏上統一之途。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">德意志長期受到外人牽制,難以找到自我認同,原本就不明確的帝國樣貌在戰爭之後又愈見模糊,此時路德翻譯聖經對德意志帶來的影響便極為深遠。弔詭的是,翻譯聖經帶來的兩個影響層面某種程度上卻相互矛盾:一方面,德意志文化因確立了標準德語而統一;另一方面,德意志政治上卻因教派分立而分裂。那麼整個事件帶來的,究竟是德意志作為一個國家的統一還是分裂呢?德意志,這個幾百年來只為了釐清她何以成為一個國家的存在,因為地緣關係糊裡糊塗地找不著我者與他者的疆域界限,直到確立了專屬於德意志人的語言,才總算找到一個能夠作為文化認同的標準。至此之後,雖然德意志奠基於語言而發展出空前繁茂的文化思想,實質上國家統一卻仍遙遙無期的主因在於,在度過了漫長的幾個世紀缺乏有力集權的政治中心後,德意志人早已缺乏國家的概念。整部德意志的歷史,娓娓道來的其實是一個漫長的自我追尋的故事。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">三、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">拿破崙旋風:文化反猶主義</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">法國大革命之後,拿破崙張著民族主義的旗幟興起,猶如旋風般掃過整個歐洲,並在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1806</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年解散早已形同虛設的神聖羅馬帝國,成立萊茵邦聯,延續德意志地區分裂的局面。然而,拿破崙挾著民族主義如旋風般掃過,被迫分裂的德意志境內此時基於愛國情操,更進一步醞釀起具現代意義的民族主義。德意志哲學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fichte</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1807</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1808</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年間發表的《對德意志民族的演講》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reden
an die deutsche Nation</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),即是德意志現代民族主義創建的里程碑。他是首位提出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Urvolk</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(原初民族)和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ursprache</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(原初語言)概念的人,強調路德宗教改革以來德意志文化及語言的獨特性,不再以羅馬文化或是拉丁語言為依歸,尤其對強力入侵的法國外來文化,德意志必須確認自己文化的精神性與宗教性,毋須向異文化低頭。因此,面對法國強權的壓制,缺乏統一國家形態的德意志欲於精神智識層面追求卓越,是一種文化上的世界主義(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cosmopolitanism</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。透過與路德的連結,他讓民族主義的思想觸及普羅大眾,承襲延續下來的宗教改革傳統,期待將德意志境內對宗教的虔誠轉化為對於國家的忠誠。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fichte</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,當時的民族主義者如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jahn</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Arndt</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也都視德意志文化與語言為民族中的重要元素,並將對祖國之愛提升至信仰的層次。此外,這個時期「血統」已被納入作為德意志人的條件,舉例而言,上述三名學者當時就都持反猶太的態度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fichte</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在其認識論中提出的概念是:自我意識是一種社會現象,而任何客體的自我意識,必須依賴其他理性客體的作在。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也就是說,每個個體是透過界定誰不是自己而確立自己是誰。這種想法也體現於他公開反對猶太人的表現。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即便到了拿破崙戰敗,歐洲舊秩序全面恢復的復辟時期,反猶太的思想依舊不曾褪去。分別於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1819</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1833</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年在德意志地區爆發的反猶騷動(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">anti-Jewish rioting</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),本質上還不是往後基於種族因素而生的反猶太主義(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">anti-Semitism</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),但也已為這種反對猶太的思想埋下了不安定的因子。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">事實上,反猶太思想的由來已久,最遠應可追溯至聖經,除了被和背叛耶穌的猶大牽連在一起,還有放高利貸也不為聖經所允許,這點也引起農民的憤懣;再加上猶太人因貿易而興盛,許多商人為了排除猶太人的競爭,在這個時期扮演反猶騷動的重要角色。在浪漫運動時期,德意志人民欲區分我者與他者的想望,透過諸多形式表現出來,其中界定得最為明確清楚的即是反猶。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">四、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">德意志革命:政治自由與國家統一</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1830</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年法國七月革命之後,復辟時期結束,歐洲捲起了一股民族革命所帶來的建國風潮。德意志此時也邁入了三月前期(</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Vormärz</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,在自由主義影響之下,民間結社以及社會運動大鳴大放,整個社會氛圍繞著兩個主題打轉,一是追求政治上的自由,二是追求國家的統一。此時對於自由與統一孰輕孰重各方有不同的看法,究竟德意志應該走上先有自由再求統一,還是先有統一再求自由的路線?這樣的討論一直到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1840</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的萊茵危機才開始有了明顯的轉向:因著外來威脅,德意志境內的聲音漸趨一致,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1830</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代已經消弭的反法情緒再度被挑起,德意志內部追求統一先於自由的聲音益發強烈。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在這種社會引頸期盼一個強而有力政權的氣氛下,普魯士被寄與了領導德意志統一的重任;然而在這股自由主義的風潮之下,普魯士國王仍舊訴諸於以往民族主義以及宗教情懷、試圖打造「基督教國家」的方式,並無法滿足此時自由統一運動者對於國家的想像:一個不再有特權階級,而是擁有以中產階級為代表、市民社會的現代國家。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這種對國家不同的想像終於在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1848</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年梅特涅下台後受到催化,這場革命標誌著德意志歷史上的一個轉捩點:德意志將走向邦聯體制,還是成為一個民族國家?將延續君主專制,還是走向憲政體制?另一個在這場</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1848</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年革命中重要的議題,就是猶太人的解放。雖然猶太人在當時的德意志境內,享有不少與其他德意志人同等的公民權,但仍舊被排除在軍隊以及公職體系之外。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而,這場革命最終既沒有達成自由,也沒有達成統一,甚至幾乎要演變成法國式的流血革命。革命失敗後,社會主義式由下而上的革命完全被摒除在德意志統一的路之外,此後德意志走上的是一條透過軍事改革、由鐵血宰相所引導,由上而下的革命之路。然而由採取軍國主義的普魯士所引導的德意志,不免遭逢君權與憲政相抗衡的局面,俾斯麥即利用一系列社會福利政策拉近國王與人民之間的距離,藉此對付國會。秉持著「若革命無法避免,與其被動承受不如主動帶領」</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的信念,俾斯麥藉著普魯士軍事力量整頓政治局勢,建立北方軍事霸權之餘更將奧地利排除在德意志之外,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1866</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年普奧戰爭之後「大德意志方案」煙消雲散,德意志民族國家的建立確定由普魯士一肩扛起。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">五、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">反猶太主義(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">anti-Semitism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">):種族反猶主義</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相較於十九世紀初普魯士改革一直到三月前期,德意志境內時激烈時平緩卻從未真正銷聲匿跡的反猶太思想,接著在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1859</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年自由派運動之後,社會上彌漫一股對猶太人的寬容風氣,直到德意志帝國終於統一。期間猶太人想方設法融入德意志社會而且也頗有成果,舉凡銀行業、新聞業、工業、政界,除了公職以及軍隊外,猶太人的足跡幾近處處可見。然而猶太人此時在社會上佔有一定地位、經濟狀況又普遍優渥的狀況下,德意志人不免忿忿不平,覺得社會資源被侵佔;加以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1873</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年因自由放任經濟而大崩盤的維也納股市,等同於給予這樣不滿的情緒致命一擊,向來與經濟自由主義息息相關的猶太人頓時成為眾矢之的,反猶聲浪再起,並層層疊疊益發高漲。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除了經濟上的因素,政治上猶太人也頗受質疑,自由派因為經濟大蕭條的緣故而自身難保,不再能如同先前那般為猶太人爭取權益,前十餘年間轟轟烈烈的自由派運動自此走向下坡。由於自由派中有相當多成員為猶太人,當時甚至有「德意志帝國的政策即為猶太人的政策」一說,認為佔國會許多席次的猶太人所定之政策與法案,都是為猶太人利益而制定。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天主教中央黨在經濟重創的狀況下宣稱文化抗爭(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kulturkampf</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)是猶太人倡導股市的策略,認為德意志地區的自由主義是「猶太化的自由主義」,將其批為帝國真正的敵人。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="file:///C:/Users/amber/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%BF%E6%9C%9F%E6%9C%AB%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%EF%BC%BF%E6%9E%97%E6%AC%A3%E8%93%93.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一直以來退散不去的反猶太思想在此時已經有所轉化,不再侷限於宗教動機而仇猶;這個時期的論述不再強調基督教與猶太教的差異,而是由世俗的角度談論猶太人與其他德意志人的差異</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">——</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以工作性質而言,猶太人經商被視為沒有生產力,是造成當代社會問題的主因。強烈反彈經濟自由主義的人,大多為社會上受到現代化威脅的族群,他們開始將猶太銀行家稱作「金色國際」,相對於在國際間聲名狼藉、共產主義的「紅色國際」。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 1879</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wilhelm Marr</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首度將反猶太思想理論化,脫離宗教思想而走上世俗論調的反猶太主義因而誕生。自此之後,反猶太不再只強調反猶太信仰,而是以一種自認科學而客觀的方式,由種族出發根本地反對猶太民族。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而,在反對猶太民族的假面之下,最深層的原因事實上是德意志社會上受工業化發展威脅的階層如農民、商人以及小資,反對帝國自由主義的思想和實踐。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1890</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代起,德意志帝國開始追求以世界為格局的政治,不再滿足於半霸權,而是擠身世界霸權之林。一戰前夕,國際間強權相互角力,德國在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1912</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年聯邦大選後,左派取得壓倒性勝利,境內因而又開始一波新的反猶太浪潮。一本匿名出版的書《假如我是皇帝</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wenn
ich der Kaiser w</span></i><i><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">är’</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)完整體現了保守派心中紮根已深的反猶太主義,即便時至此時</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">1870</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代的反猶太主義已經大幅消退,此書的出版卻投石起漪,重新喚醒這股反猶意識。書中控訴猶太人為物質主義的象徵,又控制大眾傳媒,更霸佔了教育資源;全書的訴求對象並非群眾,而是深受猶太人威脅的知識份子。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此時期各種不同的反猶結社興起,反猶輿論也透過成員滲透而進入各個組織,與上一波反猶主義剛形成時的論述相似,將猶太自由主義比喻作金色國際,而猶太馬克思主義喻作紅色國際。</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大體而言,這波反猶太思潮和前二十年的反猶太主義論述相去不遠,都批評猶太人在德國社會上享有太多資源,將威脅到保守派的自由主義也好、社會主義也罷,別無二致地和猶太人牽扯在一起,予以打擊。兩相比較之下,可以發現反猶太主義在這兩次都引發社會上對猶太人的激進評判,究其原因,可說是源於不安定感:經濟大蕭條時為生活的不安定而憂慮,而一戰前夕則是為國家力量的不確定而憂慮。反猶太何以使人心安?當生活受到威脅,當國族認知產生危機,界分出我與非我,某種程度上便可藉由反對劃分出來的他者而凝聚自我的力量。</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">1913</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的當權者即是操作這種民族情緒,對內凝聚德意志民族情感,以達成通過軍事議案、增兵擴展的目標。於萊比錫落成的民族大會戰百年紀念碑更是這種手段的具體展現:從民族大會戰到色當會戰,從德意志民族的誕生到德意志帝國的誕生,無一不致力於形塑一種純粹的德意志唯心主義,一個立基於血統,體現於語言與文化的德意志民族國家。</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">六、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">滅絕猶太人:一人陰謀抑或結構問題?</span></b></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">1930</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代希特勒崛起,納粹黨掌權,長久以來一直存在於德意志境內的反猶情結在這時真正有了具體實踐。此時除了消除凡爾賽和約的恥辱,希特勒不只想摒除馬克思主義、自由主義以及議會民主,最重要的是一切的幕後主使:國際猶太人。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">納粹政權善用宣傳手段,抹黑、破壞猶太人的形象,而效果在社會更是廣泛而深遠,遍及民心。當時的社會情況低靡,一戰的挫敗所需支付的巨額賠款是其一,但被迫背負戰爭罪責對精神層面更是影響重大,戰後的「刀刺在背傳說」</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dolchstoßlegende</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">激起了民族主義,更進一步加深德國內部的社會分化。一如先前的反猶太論述,因經濟景氣差轉而歸咎於擁有許多財富的猶太人,又因政治局勢進入前所未有的低潮、國家顏面盡失,歸罪於當時位於政權核心的猶太人;簡言之,猶太人在這個時期可說動輒得咎。民心不安加上政治宣傳,反猶的情緒高漲到了前所未見的程度,終於走上種族大屠殺的「最終解決方案」。</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雖說與其他歐洲國家相較之下,德意志因為宗教寬容和自由貿易政策之故,境內猶太人處境較佳,德國化比例也較高;然而正因如此,猶太人漸漸喪失了自己的民族意識(</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">identity</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),導致遭受迫害時也難以團結一致,共禦外侮,一如無法掙脫的籠中之鳥。反猶太思想在德意志由來已久,幾經波折,縱觀歷史可見其反覆波動,時而沈寂時而猖狂,但唯有在納粹政權底下爆發出空前悲劇的原因何在?在希特勒極權政治的引領之下,國家領袖的魅力達到巔峰,國家的意義昇華成一種政治性的宗教,再佐以階層嚴明的多頭治理方式,原本就強調紀律的普魯士軍國主義傳統在此時愈演愈烈。「希特勒萬歲」的口號以及筆直朝斜前伸展的手勢,是集體意識的形塑方式同時也是其具體表現,此時對領袖的崇拜幾乎已經到了洗腦的地步。不斷洗腦的後果就是盲從,而盲從的下場,極有可能導致整個群體誤入歧途而不自知,所以才有德意志民族獨尊的種族優生學,才有之後慘絕人寰的猶太人最終解決方案。從希特勒的《我的奮鬥》(</span><i><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Mein Kampf</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)以及演講、公開聲明等方面來審視,他憎惡猶太人的原因其實與大多數德國人,或說與傳統上反猶的思想並無二致;之所以會在這段德意志歷史中掀起如此滔天巨浪,和在極權主義之下,對領袖產生狂熱崇拜的集體意識關聯甚深。</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一直以來,對於德國納粹掌政時期發生的猶太人大屠殺,這樣種族滅絕的殘酷暴行的形成原因,可分為兩派不同的說法:一是蓄意主義,認為整件種族滅絕行動是由希特勒一手策劃而成;二是結構主義,認為最終會產生這樣的後果和整個大環境脫不了干係。然而,</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Winkler</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文中也指出,這兩種因素彼此相依相偎,相互而生。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">順著本文脈絡可以見得,因著時代層出不窮的社會問題,人民惶惶不可終日,心中那股無處排洩的焦慮不安因而化作了利箭指向歷來皆然的代罪羔羊</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">——</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">猶太人。不過,要是沒有希特勒這樣的最高領導存在,沒有整個時代對於國家領袖的狂熱信仰,沒有他作為最高的決策主導一切,就難以說明何以存在已久的反猶思想或理論化的反猶主義,會在這個時代才真正成為現實的悲劇。如果說社會背景提供了絕佳劇本,希特勒本人便是天賦異稟的演員;若是缺少這名深具個人魅力的要角,整齣劇便失了靈魂,不可能推展到悲劇的終幕。</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">七、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">結語</span></b></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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p. 3.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Yuppy TC Regular"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Yuppy TC Regular";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -28.3pt;">Fichte, J.G.. </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -28.3pt;">Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -28.3pt;">. Hamburg: Meiner, 1997.</span><br />
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Winkler,<i> </i>H. A.. <i>Germany: The Long Road West. </i>Vol. 1 of <i>1789-1933</i>.<i> </i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Translated by Alexander J. Sager. Munich: Oxford University Press, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Winkler,<i> </i>H. A.. <i>Germany: The Long Road West. </i>Vol. 2 of <i>1933-1990</i>.<i> </i>Translated by Alexander J. Sager. Munich: Oxford University Press, 2013.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-74729286433051811612013-05-26T07:52:00.000-07:002013-11-06T21:37:03.059-08:00Colors Demonic & Divine: Shades of Meaning in the Middle Ages & After 《神聖與惡魔的顏色:中世紀以來色彩的各種意義》書評<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">譚羽茹(台灣大學歷史系四年級)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="text-align: left;">Herman Pleij, Colors Demonic and Divine: Shades of Meaning in the Middle Ages and After. Translated by Diane Webb. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. Pp. xi, 124 plus 20 color figures. $29.50. ISBN: 9780231130233. First published in 2002 under the title </span><i style="text-align: left;">Van karmijn, purper en blauw: Over kleuren van de Middeleeuwen en daarna</i><span style="text-align: left;">, by Prometheus.</span> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> 從古至今,人類表達、體驗情緒的方式有很多種管道,舉凡透過理解文字、聆聽音樂、肢體動作等等,均能透漏個人內在訊息。而觀看亦可成為傳遞媒介,若從對人類情感的共鳴以及反饋而言,恐怕在這些面向裡,後者足以擁有最直接的影響力。為什麼?筆者認為原因直指構成視覺成像的基本元素:「色彩」。色彩能夠被各種思想以及人群以不同角度、經驗詮釋,且表現方式多變,本身即擁有千變萬化的成色,不但可以用來精準指涉情緒,也能夠創造曖昧模糊的空間。但是,當我們運用色彩的同時,是否曾思考過其經歷過什麼樣的變化,又在歷史情境中是如何被使用的?在本文中,筆者將藉由《神聖與惡魔的顏色:中世紀以來色彩的各種意義》(<i><span lang="EN-US">Colors Demonic & Divine</span></i><i>:<span lang="EN-US">Shades of Meaning in the Middle Ages
& After</span></i>)<span style="font-size: 16px;">[1]</span>一書,討論自中世紀以降發展出的兩派色彩使用立場,進而從兩方對立消長的過程中,帶出一個廣義的色彩演變脈絡。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> 《神聖與惡魔的顏色:中世紀以來色彩的各種意義》這本以一般大眾為讀者群的藝術小書解答了上述的疑惑。作者<span lang="EN-US">Herman Pleij</span>(<span lang="EN-US">1943-</span>)選擇將時間範圍聚焦於中古晚期至近代之初,是為了讓讀者看到如何在色彩被廣泛使用的中世紀,藉由哪些價值觀的消長,進而影響近現代的顏色使用模式。經由這個演變,帶出<span lang="EN-US">Pleij</span>欲揭示的主題:「去色彩化」(<span lang="EN-US">decoloration</span>)的過程。透過本書對於「去色彩化」(<span lang="EN-US">decoloration</span>)一途的詮釋,我們可以將之理解為整個西方色彩文化如何從中世紀所呈現出繽紛、絢爛的時代,走向近現代以黑、白、深色系為主的現象<span lang="EN-US">[2]</span>。雖然本書的篇幅尚小,但是<span lang="EN-US">Pleij</span>旁徵博引大量資料,除了繪畫作品之外,亦有文學材料,積極佐證其理論框架,建構出色彩變化與宗教、政治、社會有關的價值轉移過程。以下筆者則針對「去色彩化」(<span lang="EN-US">decoloration</span>)的理論,作出簡要摘述。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> 首先,中世紀的社會不論各種階層都和色彩擁有很緊密的聯結,除了屬於社會頂層的統治、貴族階級有經濟能力過著色彩繽紛的物質生活之外,普羅大眾在當時也不乏機會接觸色彩。以宗教層次而言,當時即有一派說法認為美麗的色彩是上帝所創造的賜禮,所以榮耀上帝的最好作為,就是將教堂以聖經中對天堂華麗形象的描述,用寶石、壁畫等等斑斕的材料作出裝飾點綴</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">[3]</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">。因此,一般平民亦可以透過日常進出教堂這樣的公共空間,感受色彩使用的靈活與巧妙。以社會角度而言,隨著十三世紀歐洲整體的商業復甦,在尼德蘭地區的新興城市開始出現了高度發展的紡織工業以及金融業,隨著這兩者的蓬勃發展,社會上開始出現一批因為商業致富的階級,他們足以擁有一定的購買力負擔過去僅有上層階級得以享有的色彩生活。既然有更多的需求需要滿足,於此同時,與色彩有關的專業人士或是行業因應而生,其中包含各色染坊的興起或是為了大量獲利用劣質原料降低染色成本的染工,這種做法儘管讓染坊從此被貼上負面的標籤,卻也成功地將色彩普及至一般大眾,成為可以消費得起的物品。</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">華麗的教堂內部裝飾</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> 此時,卻有一股反對色彩蓬勃發展的浪潮出現。我們將之回歸到宗教思想的解釋來談,除了前述所提到色彩被中世紀的宗教觀點解讀為上帝創造的物質的正面觀點之外,一直以來其實存在一派不同的意見與之抗衡。這個脈絡相信色彩屬於惡魔的陷阱以及誘惑</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">,有著遮蓋事物本質的屬性,阻礙人類探尋知識以及真理的道路,且由於色彩可以任由自然或是人為改造、調配,這種多變性也讓中世紀許多人無法相信色彩能夠代表恆定、不變的象徵。而此對於色彩繽紛使用的質疑,在宗教上也被中古晚期方濟會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Order of Friars Minor</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">)、本篤會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Order of Saint
Benedict</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">)、熙篤會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Order of Cistercians</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">)等托缽僧修會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Mendicant Orders</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">)</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">以穿著暗色或是原色,例如黑、灰色的衣袍所顯現出來。同時也出現以簡樸、素雅為主的教堂內部陳設,和另一脈絡所主張華麗鋪張的裝飾作出區隔。另一方面,由於色彩在社會中不再只限制於權貴階級,以享有豐富色彩作為識別階級身份的觀念不再適用,因此透過反其道而行,改穿著黑、白、灰等原色成為統治者以及貴族欲和城市中喜愛彰顯用色多元的新興階級劃分界線的方法。傾心於無色、暗色最著名的例子如十五世紀勃根地(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Burgundy</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">)</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">統治者菲利浦三世(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Philip the Good</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">)</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">即是黑色的擁護者,在畫作中總是看到他以一襲黑色的裝扮出席公開場合。連帶著黑、白、灰這幾個顏色也慢慢地被精英階級賦予嚴謹、內斂、知識等象徵,甚至這一風潮也涉及至人之性格展現,利用大膽的著裝用色強調自身內在情緒的風尚不復存在</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">,取而代之的則是將個人情感隱藏、收斂在保守、沉默的灰階色調上。</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Philip the Good</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Order de Friars Minor方濟會修士</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> 這股以深色、無色作為用色哲學的現象在社會中站上了風,成為主導中古以降直至今日各行各業、各種階級、場合的選色準則</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-US">[9]</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">。回顧前述所提的兩種色彩應用模式,從商業進步、經濟發達所帶動色彩繽紛絢爛的普及使用,再到上層階級、宗教觀念用保守低調的色彩劃清界線,建立在這樣的拉鋸過程,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pleij</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">的理論核心「去色彩化」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">decolorization</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">)於焉成型。儘管作為讀者,可能對於書中作者所引用的資料多以文學資料片段為主,別於專業歷史考據而有所質疑,亦或認為「去色彩化」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">decolorization</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">)這樣的想法是否只是作者一廂情願的認知,難道真能用十五世紀以來由宮廷、貴族所帶動的文化現象類推至近現代層出不窮的藝術理念</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-US">[10]</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">?這點恐怕難以說服當今社會的讀者。儘管如此,這本迷你的藝術小書</span><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Colors Demonic & Divine</span></i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">:<span lang="EN-US">Shades of Meaning in the Middle Ages & After</span></i><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">將難以簡單定義、系統整理的「色彩歷史」歸結出一個整體脈絡,用流暢、活潑的口吻闡釋中世紀至近現代的顏色運用,提供讀者另一層面的思考空間。作者能夠不受篇幅較小的限制達到以上目標,也讓此書成為一本能夠輕鬆閱讀且不失深度內涵的藝術普及讀物。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">[1] Herman
Pleij, <i>Colors Demonic and Divine: Shades of Meaning in the Middle Ages
& After </i>(New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">[2] Pleij, 94-95.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">[3] Pleij, 42.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">[4] Pleij, 40-41.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">[5] </span>托缽僧修會(<span lang="EN-US">Mendicant Orders</span>)為中世紀後期興起的修會運作方式。其特點在於不積蓄、存置任何私有財產,以「清貧」作為投身宗教工作的準則。誠如其名,托缽僧靠佈施行乞為生,行為仿效基督,幫助窮人,四處講道,避免一切物質生活影響,文中提到的三個修會皆以這些準則作為奉行方針。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">[6] </span>勃根地(<span lang="EN-US">Burgundy</span>),現今法國東部地區,相當於歷史上的勃根地省。西元五世紀由勃根地家族建立公國,於西元<span lang="EN-US">534</span>年被法蘭克人滅亡。又於十四、十五世紀東山再起,從菲利浦二世(<span lang="EN-US">Philip the Bold 1342-1404</span>)開始勵精圖治,其繼位者約翰二世(<span lang="EN-US">John the Fearless 1371-1419</span>)、菲利浦三世(<span lang="EN-US">Philip the Good 1396-1467</span>)、查理一世(<span lang="EN-US">Charles the Bold 1467-1477</span>)在位期間達到國力高峰。西元<span lang="EN-US">1477</span>年被法王路易十一併入法國。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">[7] </span>在勃根地公爵菲利浦三世(<span lang="EN-US">Philip the Good 1396-1467</span>)的統治下,勃根地王朝的國力、政治、文化層面均達到頂峰。在位期間菲利浦三世運用對外戰爭、聯姻等方式擴張領土,影響國際勢力,不但在英法百年戰爭中發揮影響力,也獲得法蘭德斯地區(現今比利時、荷蘭、法國北部地區,羊毛、紡織業興盛地)的統治權。於文化方面,此時也是以勃根地地區為發展中心的尼德蘭藝術進入成熟時期,以寫實風格(<span lang="EN-US">Realism</span>)著名的布魯日(<span lang="EN-US">Bruges</span>)畫家楊・凡艾克(<span lang="EN-US">Jan Van Eyck</span>)正是此時的代表人物。筆者文中提到菲利浦三世的穿著風格,也正反映出當時社會開始出現蓬勃、多樣的時裝發展與風格。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">[8] Pleij</span>在本書中引用了中古世紀騎士文學作品、宮廷詩歌,舉出當時特定的服裝用色揭露穿衣者什麼樣的內心情緒,而這種情感表現多以愛情為主。例如文中舉出<i><span lang="EN-US">Play of the Seven Colors</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> by Spiel von den sieben Farben</span>這部劇作以及女貴族<span lang="EN-US">Christine de Pisan</span>的言論,都提到針對情人間穿衣選色的看法。參照<span lang="EN-US">Herman Pleij, <i>Colors Demonic and Divine:
Shades of Meaning in the Middle Ages & After </i>(New York: Columbia
University Press, 2004), pp. 30.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">[9] </span>近現代社會中,往往可見各種層面例如流行時尚、科技產品、工商業設計、重要場合等等均選擇深色或是無色作為指定用色。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<!--EndFragment-->Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-6353437370533202862013-05-24T06:31:00.001-07:002014-04-16T09:17:18.015-07:002013.5.17(週五)陶克思老師主講:Of Demons and Ordinary Men – Research on Perpetrators in Nazi Occupied Europe(含活動照片與推薦書目)<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span>
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<a href="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~history/_news/_pic/201305063.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="陶克思老師主講:Of demons and ordinary men – Research on perpetrators in Nazi occupied Europe " border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~history/_news/_pic/201305063.jpg" height="200" width="148" /></span></a><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">● </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">主講人:陶克思 老師(Christoph Thonfeld)<br />(國立政治大學歐洲語文學系助理教授)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">● 主持人:花亦芬 老師(台大歷史系教授)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">● 時 間:2013年5月17日(週五)下午6:30-8:20</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">● 地 點:台灣大學普通教室201室</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">● 主辦單位:國立台灣大學歷史系、國立台灣大學邁向頂尖大學計畫「人文多樣性與跨文化」子計畫:歐洲史上的文化與宗教多元性。</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">● 演講摘要:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 24px;"> As long as persecution and annihilation under Nazi rule are being talked about, investigated and researched into, there are also the accompanying attempts to analyse and to explain the actions of those involved. This, of course, has always taken place within the framework of political and societal developments, important criminal trials and groundbreaking scientific publications. These contexts will be reconstructed during the talk and at the same time they provide the background for a deepened exploration of the so called perpetrator research as it has evolved since the end of World War II. The notable upsurge in perpetrator research since 1990 had been coming a long way since there had been a prevailing tendency to blank out the concrete faces and actions of Nazi era perpetrators for decades after World War II in </span><st1:country-region style="line-height: 24px;" w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region><span style="line-height: 24px;"> and across </span><st1:place style="line-height: 24px;" w:st="on">Europe</st1:place><span style="line-height: 24px;">. After the initial confrontation within the framework of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals German society rather developed an attitude of dissociation towards genocidal perpetrators. Scattered research initiatives in the following two decades produced a rather abstract image of perpetration with either no visible perpetrators at all or perpetrators with hardly any distinctive characteristics. In the 1970s this was underscored by social science projects and experiments which cared little about historic context. In the following decade historians eventually attempted a synthesis of the development of Germany’s main genocidal campaign against the Jews of Europe, commonly referred to as the Holocaust, but they arrived at pretty antagonistic ends. One group emphasized the importance of the leadership and of ideology, while the other highlighted institutional and spatial dynamics. In the 1990s this dichotomy was further acuminated, while hitherto unavailable sources finally paved the way for more concrete and differentiated assessments. At the same time, an increased readiness within German society to face individual perpetrators since the 1980s grew into a full scale intra- and intergenerational confrontation between memory and history in the late 1990s. Since around 2000 historians have finally arrived at more integrative approaches towards Nazi perpetration, bringing together the strengths of the various paradigms while also more soberly evaluating their shortcomings. With this presentation a rough overview over the entire development and preliminary results of that process will be given.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">● 演講參考資料:<a href="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~history/_news/_paper/201305063.pdf" target="_blank">Book review to <em>National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary Perspectives and Controversies. Volume 2, War and Genocide.</em></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">● 推薦書目與資源(1990年代以後的研究):<br /><br />1. Christoph Browning (1992). Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />2. Daniel J. Goldhagen (1996). Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />3. Walter Manoschek 對 Wehrmacht的研究</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />4. Michael Wildt (2002). An Uncompromising Generation: The Nazi Leadership of the Reich Security Main Office.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />5. <i>Harald Wälzer (2007). Der Krieg der Erinnerung. Holocaust, Kollaboration und Widerstand im europäischen Gedächtnis.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><br /></i>6. The “Willing Executioners”/ “Ordinary Men” Debate</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/1996-01/paper.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/1996-01/paper.pdf</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. Perpetrator research in global context</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.bpb.de/system/files/pdf/G65B3U.pdf">http://www.bpb.de/system/files/pdf/G65B3U.pdf</a><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.bpb.de/system/files/pdf/G65B3U.pdf%E2%80%8E"></a></span></span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-46065712986655963112013-05-08T15:30:00.000-07:002013-11-06T21:37:45.984-08:002013.4.17(週三)馮翰士老師主講:A History without a Country? Reflections from the Borderland(含活動照片)<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">● </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">主講人:馮翰士 老師(Henk Vynckier)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(東海大學外文系副教授兼系主任)</span><br />
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● 主持人:花亦芬 老師(臺大歷史系教授)</span><br />
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● 時 間:2013年4月17日(週三)下午3:30-5:20</span><br />
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● 地 點:臺大博雅教學館303教室</span><br />
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● 主辦單位:臺大歷史學系、臺大邁向頂尖大學計畫「人文多樣性與跨文化」子計畫:歐洲史上的文化與宗教多元性。</span><br />
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In a recent bestselling history entitled Belgium: a History without a Country, published in 2012, the Belgian historian Rolf Falter argues that Belgium, while having a rich history spanning back many centuries, only became a true country in the political sense of the word rather recently. Thus, unlike some other, more recent countries which may be called “countries without a history” as they are young and not characterized by a very long history, Belgium, which was fought over time and again by all the major European powers since the early Middle Ages, is in some ways a history without a country. In other words, it is a complex network of intersecting historical narratives which, while culturally fascinating, only very belatedly resulted in a modern national identity.</span><br />
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The purpose of this talk is to examine this argument on the basis of some cases studies of a number of major cities whose origins can be traced back to the Flanders of the Middle Ages: Courtray, Bruges, Ypres, Lille (Rijsel) and Tournai (Doornik). The main focus will be surviving examples of the architecture, painting and religious institutions of these cities in the oft contested borderland between France and Belgium.</span><br />
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● 演講活動照片:</span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-1701706225115517932013-04-05T09:46:00.001-07:002013-11-06T21:38:06.116-08:00 開啓peer-to-peer學習歐洲史的新起點 —「台灣歐洲史跨領域研究部落格」出刊序<div style="text-align: center;">
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花亦芬 (國立台灣大學歷史系教授)</div>
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我個人學習歐洲史的經歷比較特別,是在德國從大學一年級重新讀起。這樣的經歷常常讓我思考,在台灣如何教好歐洲史?答案,其實很簡單,就像如何學會在大海裡游泳,就是放膽下去游吧!親自到小浪與大浪裡,親自去知道何謂暗礁,何謂海溝,也學會去知道如何放鬆享受波浪的溫柔與美麗,欣賞海天濤濤的廣闊與無垠。答案,很簡單;但該如何做到,如何帶領學生一起到知識的汪洋裡,學會游向陌生歷史時空的彼岸,在台灣,卻不是容易的。<br />
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<a name='more'></a> 我常常告訴學生,學習世界史,要有補破網的耐心與能力。不可能有一套知識、一套理論、一套方法,是可以讓人學了以後就安枕無憂。西方歷史學注重反省舊知,不斷探索認識人類過往新的視角,也重視古今之間的對話。沒有人敢說,自己掌握了哪個時期所有的材料與文獻。因此,重要的是,培養自己不斷學習,不斷敢於重新認知的能力;就像補破網一樣,知道自己的魚網本來就有很多漏洞,在捕魚過程中更常常會被咬出很多新的破口,但要勇敢去面對自己過去不熟悉的新材料、新思考。<br />
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回到台灣教書十餘年,我很感恩,一直有願意認真學習歐洲史的學生。他們的人數也許不多,但是當這個社會經常責難年輕世代是逸樂「宅」世代時,我卻在他們身上看到希望。他們未必都會走上學術的路——我也不鼓勵他們每個人都走上學術的路,但是,我知道,他們今天為自己青春歲月所下的工夫,日後會帶領我們去看一個廣闊新世界:那是充滿好奇,帶著和平信念,健康開朗地與世界聯結的台灣新世代開創出來的視野。</div>
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幫助他們能夠跟廣大世界產生美好聯繫的觸媒,網路功不可沒。沒錯,作為大學老師,網路帶給我們許多困擾。學生的寫作能力變得片段而零碎;他們常常沒有耐心好好讀完一本書,因為習慣到網路上東抓一點,西抓一點。他們對外在世界的認知與回應是直覺式即時的回應,但不一定經過安靜思考。然而,既然這是新世代必然面對的溝通與求知新生態,我仍然願意鼓勵他們、陪伴他們,學習為網路世界播下美好的知識種子,學習在網路世界裡製造善的循環,散播正向影響的力量。網路世界的可貴,在於它不是少數人或一群人可以宰制的。傳統歷史文化裡的「主流」與「精英」在網路平台裡消失了,年輕世代彼此之間的對話與互相啓發卻變得重要了。</div>
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「台灣歐洲史跨領域研究部落格」就是為大學部學生而設的園地,主要的自我定位是學術性質的e-journal,鼓勵大學部或更高年級同學為值得推薦的外文好書撰寫書評,並藉此幫助華文世界讀者更快吸收歐洲史研究的新知。書評的編輯由台大歷史系大學部同學與學術資歷更深的學長姊自行組成編委會,對可以刊登的文章透過面對面的溝通討論,進行多次修正與校閱。希望透過仔細編修的過程,讓作者與編輯一起學習,如何以平實易懂的學術表達,溝通西方學界與華文讀者之間的距離。希望藉由一年一年、一屆一屆的持續累積,為台灣歐洲史教學建立peer-to-peer的學習新模式,也提供這群年輕新世代與社會大眾以及中學師生積極對話的平台。我相信每一位參與的同學都努力付出,對提升台灣的知識教育水準充滿熱情,因此也希望大家多多給予這些年輕學子鼓勵。如果有需要引用這個部落格的文章,請透過本部落格事先徵得作者的同意。</div>
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每個成年人都走過年輕歲月。年輕,不免稚嫩,腳步或許不穩,但卻有足夠的活力可以開創無限發展的可能。為這些美好的可能,謹以這個部落格帶領他們走上一個新的旅程,陪伴他們跨出第一步,起身去探索屬於他們自己的新世界。</div>
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2013年4月5日<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-9488307919624307982013-04-03T05:08:00.000-07:002013-11-06T21:40:31.828-08:00Quentin Skinner 2013 中研院講座<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">英國政治思想家史金納(Quentin Skinner)教授將於2013年蒞臨中央研究院來訪,並發表三場「中央研究院講座」,時間為2013年5月13日、15日與16日。</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">史金納教授任教於倫敦大學瑪麗皇后學院,是極具影響力的政治思想家,亦是劍橋學派的開創者。他的專長為近代早期歐洲思想史、Thomas Hobbes的政治哲學,以及文藝復興時代的修辭文化。著作豐富、獲獎無數,在政治思想史學界享有盛名。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">詳細簡介,可見</span></span><a href="http://www.history.qmul.ac.uk/staff/skinnerq.html">http://www.history.qmul.ac.uk/staff/skinnerq.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">台灣中央研究院非常榮幸能夠邀請這位國際知名學者訪台,於今年五月將舉辦三場座談,發表專題演講之餘亦期待能夠與台灣學界對話。</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">在此提供演講資訊,期待屆時共襄盛舉。</span></span></div>
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<a name='more'></a><b><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />--Prof. Quentin Skinner </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">演講資訊--</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">第一場</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">時間:2013/05/13 15:00-16:30 Monday</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">主題:<i>Truth and the Historian</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">主持人:中央研究院翁啓惠院長主持</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlI3rj1WrlYt4tBFWW80sq9sjMqx3K-siFvJ5Hkg7mfTC_T45Ij6pUtrRYJ1v9eTOwQg_p5z6HmyWBOF-uLoyWl81ZCF5GHaNZ0LOhu2NY96FmXt8GerYhwa5iSSeP1lLTzT2leaqi_nJA/s1600/3631_528106977232525_2050659037_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlI3rj1WrlYt4tBFWW80sq9sjMqx3K-siFvJ5Hkg7mfTC_T45Ij6pUtrRYJ1v9eTOwQg_p5z6HmyWBOF-uLoyWl81ZCF5GHaNZ0LOhu2NY96FmXt8GerYhwa5iSSeP1lLTzT2leaqi_nJA/s320/3631_528106977232525_2050659037_n.jpg" width="222" /></span></a><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">地點:中央研究院人文社會科學館3樓國際會議廳(台北市研究院路2段128號)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">第二場</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">時間:</span></span><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 19px;">2013/05/15 15:00-16:30 Wednesday</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">主題:<i>A Genealogy of Liberty</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">主持人:行政院江宜樺副院長主持</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">地點:中央研究院人文社會科學館3樓國際會議廳(台北市研究院路2段128號)</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">第三場</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">時間:</span></span><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 19px;">2013/05/16 15:00-16:30 Thursday</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">主題:</span></span><i style="color: #333333; line-height: 19px;">A Genealogy of the State </i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">主持人:國立台灣大學趙永茂副校長主持</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">地點:國立台灣大學社會科學院國際會議廳(台北市徐州路21號)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">主辦單位:中央研究院</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">贊助單位:財團法人傑出人才發展基金會</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">合作單位:國立台灣大學</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19px;">聯絡單位:中央研究院國際事務辦公室 (02-2789-9895)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">線上報名以及網址:</span></span><a href="http://iao.sinica.edu.tw/chi/index_chi.html">http://iao.sinica.edu.tw/chi/index_chi.html</a></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-21095822407946467642013-03-04T09:52:00.000-08:002014-04-16T08:29:10.043-07:00Gutai: Splendid Playground<br />
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">紐約古根漢美術館特展Gutai: Splendid Playground</span></strong></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6HUMJ4Lw1ouDsdGxmsJd1XXllR9ROzxDioMwMOJRuVrZRHgxEGarJ6zdIRCRV195f25lttVKMS4957sjNmWIwwMrJyO1372OJa8MT8-pwGY6SgCpfr-Lw4MJvBGWmFnr1IPg4qeQDlRZm/s1600/gutai.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6HUMJ4Lw1ouDsdGxmsJd1XXllR9ROzxDioMwMOJRuVrZRHgxEGarJ6zdIRCRV195f25lttVKMS4957sjNmWIwwMrJyO1372OJa8MT8-pwGY6SgCpfr-Lw4MJvBGWmFnr1IPg4qeQDlRZm/s400/gutai.png" height="258" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Gutai: Splendid Playground - “Tankuro,” a 1966 work by Norio Imai. Credit: Richard Perry/The New York Times</span></div>
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紐約古根漢美術館(Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York)於今年二月十五日至五月八日所展出的特展Gutai: Splendid Playground中,展出了具體美術協會歷年來最完整亦最具規模的系列作品。具體美術協會(具体美術協会、GUTAIとも、The Gutai Group)是日本二戰戰後最具影響力的前衛藝術團體,於1954年由身兼藝術家、評論家與教師等多種身分的吉原治良(Yoshihara Jirō,1905-1972)所創立,並迅速成為一九五○至六○年代日本藝術界中最耀眼的傳奇。該團體成員致力於將繪畫藝術、表演藝術、互動式環境藝術等不同的藝術形式加以結合,企圖透過深具實驗性的複合式藝術與戰後的日本社會互動,以傳達該團體所欲追求的「真實」、「個人」與「民主」之價值。同時,該團體在其活躍的十八年間,亦藉由頻繁的國際性巡迴展演及出版活動,意圖打造出一個全世界皆可共同享有的前衛藝術資產。</div>
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<a name='more'></a> 紐約古根漢美術館此次特展Gutai: Splendid Playground將具體美術協會的作品區分為六個子題:「Play:一種不受約束的行動」、「Concept:一塊布料也能成為藝術品嗎?」、「Network:將我們的作品介紹給全世界」、「The Concrete:物質本身的驚聲尖叫」、「Performance Painting:看得見時間與空間的圖像」、「Environment:具體的太空時代藝術」。在這六個子題中,古根漢美術館不僅在展場中,更透過官網與App,再現了具體美術協會各式各樣的互動式展品,以實際的行動與參與將其作品中的信念在不同時間、不同的空間、以不同的形式再次傳遞出來。與此同時,古根漢美術館亦展出大量與展品、與具體美術協會組織、與整個藝術運動相關的歷史照片、出版品與文獻,試圖藉以扭轉將二戰戰後勃發的現代藝術視為西方專利的錯誤印象,以期為當代藝術史引入更多元、更活潑的詮釋方向。<br />
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今天,您不必親赴紐約古根漢美術館,透過本次特展的官方網頁,您也能夠親身參與這場盛會!<br />
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● Exhibition Site at Guggenheim Museum:<br />
<a href="http://web.guggenheim.org/exhibitions/gutai/">http://web.guggenheim.org/exhibitions/gutai/</a><br />
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● Art Review at New York Times:<br />
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/arts/design/gutai-splendid-playground-at-the-guggenheim.html?ref=design&_r=2&utm_source=EX_Alexandra_022113&utm_medium=EMail&utm_campaign=EchoMail&">“The Seriousness of Fun in Postwar Japan – ‘Gutai: Splendid Playground’ at the Guggenheim”</a><br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-52016514915593400142013-03-03T18:05:00.000-08:002013-11-06T21:46:25.790-08:00Peter Blickle, Obedient Germans? A Rebuttal [1] -「臣民」與「公民」:十四至十九世紀德意志歷史研究的新視角 <div style="text-align: center;">
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林盎然(台灣大學歷史系四年級)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjHQwBqGlbIQMMA1w5ecjC6FYSEw5uhyphenhyphenzWnd06S6bYRb5gbgWYct9V4mBISjKg2WMOPvLs8Xt_VgoVlIiI2-cA5a7XPg4MmIsOws5OjC5nRaAQDAcZALtDqsW36EaF8Nt7tSRPldN2uGlX/s1600/obedient-germans-rebuttal-peter-blickle-paperback-cover-art.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjHQwBqGlbIQMMA1w5ecjC6FYSEw5uhyphenhyphenzWnd06S6bYRb5gbgWYct9V4mBISjKg2WMOPvLs8Xt_VgoVlIiI2-cA5a7XPg4MmIsOws5OjC5nRaAQDAcZALtDqsW36EaF8Nt7tSRPldN2uGlX/s200/obedient-germans-rebuttal-peter-blickle-paperback-cover-art.jpg" width="130" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Peter
Blickle, <i>Obedient Germans? A Rebuttal: A
New View of German History</i>. Translated by Thomas A. Brady, Jr.
Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1997. Pp. xviii + 126. $45.00.
ISBN: 978-0813918099. First published in 1981 under the title <i>Deutsche Untertanen: Ein Widerspruch</i>, by
Beck.</span><br />
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<a name='more'></a><strong><span style="font-size: large;">一、一本辯駁之作</span></strong><br />
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本書作者Peter Blickle(1938-)為重量級的德國歷史學者,其研究多以德意志地區中古至近代早期的鄉村自治體、社會抗爭、宗教改革時期的鄉民抗爭運動 [2] 為主題,顯示出其對於德意志鄉村、鄉民等底層社會的濃郁關懷。本書的德文題名直譯成中文為《德意志的臣民:一本辯駁之作》,其中「辯駁之作」一詞,明白道出Blickle寫作本書的目的並不在於從頭建構宏大的論述,而是與既存的傳統史學觀點進行論辯,通過不斷的交互對話,向讀者揭示出歷史詮釋的新視角之餘,亦吐露自身對於德意志乃至於歐洲近現代歷史發展深沉的批判與關懷。而Blickle與傳統史觀交鋒的戰場便在於:在近現代的歷史發展中,德意志人是否真為一群只能屈從於統治者之下的臣民?<br />
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上述議題之所以會成立,主要係因為在十九世紀以後的歐洲近現代歷史書寫中,德意志人經常被評判為一群任由強權政體所擺佈的、順服的、不具反抗意識的「臣民」──在十九世紀,當普魯士王國欲將德意志打造為奉行軍國主義的一個統一的強權國家之時,德意志人或被掌權者所收編,或選擇在政治上保持緘默;至二十世紀,當納粹黨藉由煽動仇恨以建立極權政府之時,德意志人的政治意識更幾乎退化為零,聽憑人類文明的一大浩劫發生,喪失反抗的能力與意志。德意志在1871年至1945年間為歐洲、為全人類所帶來的駭人聽聞的惡果,亦為所有的德國史研究蒙上了一層陰影:研究德國史的學者,不論其所關注的是哪一個階段的歷史發展,最終都有責任要面對納粹主義的起源,以及其衍生出來的種種問題,包含德意志人被動、順服的形象。<br />
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本書同樣誕生自上述這股史學研究氛圍,然而,Peter Blickle真正欲探究的問題卻非納粹主義的起源,而是另一個更早就在德意志歷史上存在的、涵蓋性亦更廣闊的問題:強權國家對公民社會所造成的戕害。Blickle在本書中藉由反駁「德意志人是否為一群臣民?」此一論題,以進一步陳述德意志地區在中古晚期逐漸發展出來的公民自治傳統:Blickle所謂的公民自治傳統在舊式封建體制崩解後,藉由人民自發爭取而出現,在近現代初期不斷主動在政治上與逐漸興起的強權國家體制相抗衡,甚至不惜發動武力抗爭,唯最終仍為強權國家體制所吞沒。為了論述此一過程,Blickle將本書所處理的主題定位為十四至十九世紀德意志歷史脈絡中的「臣民」與「統治者」之間五百年來的互動關係。<br />
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">二、從「臣民」走向「公民」</span></strong><br />
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「臣民」(德:Untertanen;英:subject)一詞在德意志歷史脈絡中,最初指涉的是中古封建制度下,相對於「領主」的「附庸」。領主與附庸之間透過附庸宣誓效忠領主,替領主盡義務,領主則擔保附庸的人身、財產安全以締結關係,兩造之間雖為垂直關係,上下之間卻非宰制。因領主與附庸之間的關係乃是奠定於附庸對於領主宣誓效忠,故根據封建體制下的習慣,一旦附庸拒絕對領主宣誓效忠,雙方之間的關係即形同解除。<br />
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十四世紀之後,「臣民」一詞逐漸脫離過去的相對意義,被重新界定為不具貴族身分,亦非神職人員,且具有經濟生產力者,即所謂的「鄉民」或是「一般人」(德:gemeinen Mann;英:commoner),包含農村中的村民,以及城市中不屬於掌權者的中下層市民階級。更晚近之後,原來的「臣民」一詞則成為帶有負面意涵的字眼,指涉無知的普羅大眾。 [3] 但在中古晚期邁向近代早期之初,即使「臣民」已從原先的相對概念,逐漸轉而指涉特定的「鄉民」群體,鄉民與統治者之間大抵仍保有傳統封建制度下人與人以「宣誓」建立關係的邏輯。而此傳統邏輯亦成為鄉民組成自治體,與統治者進行政治角力時,用以牽制統治者、保有自主性的武器。<br />
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然而,隨著統治者開始以各種手段打破傳統的封建邏輯,將權力納入手中,鄉民立足的地方自治體亦逐漸喪失原有的自主性。1618至1648年,在歐洲中部綿延三十載的戰火更是將地方自治體破壞殆盡,以至於隨後新興的強權統治者得以毫無阻礙地將鄉民納入以國家為名的政治架構中,使其再度淪為所謂的「臣民」。唯此時的「臣民」已不再是中古時期意義下、相對於「領主」的「附庸」,而是幾乎完全不具備反抗基礎、僅能被動接受強權統治者宰制的「臣民」了。<br />
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在Blickle的論述中,鄉民政治角色的變換是德意志歷史的兩條脈絡交織出的結果:一,從中古晚期步向近代早期,封建制度下的「臣民」逐漸脫離莊園,主動組成地方自治體,在經濟、社會、政治面都具體實踐自我管理。二,幾乎與此同時,德意志各地有力的統治者亦逐漸擺脫中古封建傳統,開始鞏固自己的領地邦國,走上強權國家之道。Blickle試圖通過梳理這兩條脈絡,更清楚地呈現出德意志的臣民與統治者在十四至十九世紀五百年間的互動圖像。<br />
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首先,在十四世紀以前,德意志地區的農人大多生活於莊園內。在莊園制度中,土地是最主要的生產單位。莊園領主不僅在名義上擁有土地,亦在實質上直接控制土地以及土地上的人,故依附於土地的農人除須繳納耕作得來的收成予領主外,亦須替領主服勞務。但十四世紀後,領主之於土地逐漸轉為間接控制,開始收取租金,而非實物地租與勞務,致使名義上仍隸屬於莊園領主的農人實質上得以自由支配個人勞動力的成果。其後,農人通過世襲承租土地,獲得更多實質上可供其支配的土地,使得過去在莊園制度之下的農村,逐漸轉變成了一種以教堂為中心、周圍由內而外環繞私有農舍、按照不同時節或屬私有或屬公有的半私有耕地以及最外層的共有林牧地的同心圓式聚居村落(圖一),在經濟上脫離領主,獲得自主。 [4]<br />
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圖一:中古晚期農村自治體經濟運作模式圖。</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh4ROyZqZNP2FcyEWq9nX03z4NBEoDwdSFdeMYsNyWCtlk2epTn3K6s8eCoIJAM15XJsj1O2WxwuQ9Ya3GNW9WwUrA1H8XsfAOH9NDwXVj0A9NGLA3JZsUmXLSQeX5nYKqvIDLJxCH3uys/s1600/Model%252520of%252520Late%252520Medieval%252520Village%252520ENGLISH%252520web.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh4ROyZqZNP2FcyEWq9nX03z4NBEoDwdSFdeMYsNyWCtlk2epTn3K6s8eCoIJAM15XJsj1O2WxwuQ9Ya3GNW9WwUrA1H8XsfAOH9NDwXVj0A9NGLA3JZsUmXLSQeX5nYKqvIDLJxCH3uys/s1600/Model%252520of%252520Late%252520Medieval%252520Village%252520ENGLISH%252520web.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Source: Peter Blickle, <em>Obedient Germans? A Rebuttal: A New View of German History</em>. Translated by Thomas A. Brady Jr. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1997, p. 13.</span></div>
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同時,這些農村更在政治上衍生出自我管理的機制,執行此一機制的政治機構或是此政治機構所管轄的範圍便是所謂的「地方自治體」(commune)。由於地方自治體乃是依循「地方自主」而生,故德意志各地自治體在運作的規模、形式往往有所不同,但就一般而言,地方自治體的運作方式係通過隸屬於其中的鄉民遴選出,或是經由地方上的統治者或提名、或任命、或認可的多位人士共同運作。村長在其中是自治體的代表,需同時對自治體以及統治者負責(圖二),顯示地方統治者與自治體之間實質的支配關係已逐漸消失的同時,在禮儀上仍然維持著過去封建體制下的運作邏輯。 [5]<br />
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圖二:中古晚期農村自治體行政管理模式圖。</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Source: Peter Blickle, <em>Obedient Germans? A Rebuttal: A New View of German History</em>. Translated by Thomas A. Brady Jr. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1997, p. 18.</span></div>
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自治體在地方上耕耘日久,凝聚為具有影響力的政治體的同時,德意志各地君侯亦企圖改變行之已久的、鬆散的政治架構,藉由鞏固其在領地內的統治權,將轄下領地打造為一真正的「邦國」(territorial state),使得統治者之於其領地與人民不再只是名義上的統治關係。各地君侯不斷發動戰爭與外交活動以確立自己的邦國與周邊各邦國之間的關係,亦逐步改變過去轄下領地內的政治結構,以建立一個由「君侯」與「議會」(parliament)為主體的國家 [6]。</div>
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隨著領地內政治結構的轉變,地方自治體開始有機會透過主動爭取,脫離舊時封建秩序中位於最低層級的政治位階,進入邦國的決策機構,主動參與邦國內部的政治運作。然與此同時,各地君侯為了捍衛邦國或鞏固君權,需要更雄厚的財力以支持軍備武力或外交排場。對此問題,統治者所採取的解決之道在於將國家的控制力伸入自治體的管轄範疇或運作機制中,直接獲取原屬於自治體的資源,如將自治體轄下的公有林牧地納入直屬的管理機構之下。與此同時,邦國亦將成文的羅馬法引入自治體,取代過去自治體內屬於人民慣習的律法,賦予國家行為正當性外,亦在法理上將自治體納入國家架構之下,全面性地從行政管理與法律面上蠶食鯨吞地方自治體的自主性。 [7] 其後於十八世紀專制君權(absolutism)觀念大盛之時,德意志各地君侯則更加明目張膽地壓制地方自治體的自主權,致使十八世紀後各地德意志人幾乎已完全失去捍衛自我權益的基礎。<br />
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">三、從「公民意識」到「臣民之心」</span></strong><br />
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從德意志近現代歷史的發展結果來看,地方自治體最終在十八世紀之後喪失公民自治的功能,但若回頭檢視地方自治體發展的五百年,則會發現這是一段自治體不斷主動透過抗爭與領地君侯進行拉扯的漫長過程。自治體中的鄉民藉由拒絕向統治者宣誓效忠、履行義務,或甚至發起武裝反抗,以達到無法通過議事達到的訴求,或令統治者與之簽訂條約以取得法律層面的保障,或令統治者將之納入決策的議會機構,以在邦國的政治運作中積極維護自己的權益。<br />
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大部分的抗爭源自於自治體認定統治者的作為侵害了自治體的傳統權利,如統治者為免勞力離開鄉村而影響土地的收益,進而對鄉村自治體中鄉民的遷徙自由加以限制或是將不符合傳統的過重的勞役、賦稅加諸於自治體中的鄉民身上等,皆為導致自治體發動抗爭的常見原因。 [8] 中古晚期之後,城市中發生抗爭事件的數量開始超越鄉村,其中亦出現以行會(德:Zunft;英:guild)為首的抗爭行動,其目的往往在於行會亦希望能夠被納入市議會的運作之中。十六世紀宗教改革時期,城市中甚至出現以落實《聖經》內所述基督徒的理想城市為訴求所進行的抗爭。 [9]<br />
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整體而言,自中古晚期以來,在德意志地區由地方自治體所發起的抗爭行動大多是為了爭取權利、展現政治力量,或甚至是為了打造心目中理想的城市,鮮少是為了立即的衣食溫飽。然而,即便自治體中的鄉民透過上述抗爭行動,積極展現出參與政治的企圖心,但地方自治體在政治運作以及政治意識上所具有的自主性卻仍然逐漸被走向強權的領地君侯弭平。<br />
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地方自治體以及自治意識從出現至被強權國家完全壓制,並不是一個直線式的進程,而是一個充滿拉扯的、緩慢而複雜的過程。地方自主意識在十六世紀時由馬丁.路德(Martin Luther, 1483-1546)掀起的宗教改革(the Reformations)浪潮中,搭乘路德「各地區之人皆有權決定自己的牧師」[10] 之主張 而迅速達到顛峰,但隨著路德因不願看見1525年爆發的鄉民抗爭運動為德意志帶來的動亂再度發生,而在政治上轉而支持統治者,致使地方自主運動反而開始遭到各地統治者的強力反撲。至十六世紀下半葉,德意志各地統治者更往往打著宗教改革的大旗,藉由軍事鎮壓及信仰確立,在政治上與宗教上同時加強對轄下領地人民的控制。其中於1555年於奧格斯堡舉行的帝國會議(Diet of Augsburg, 1555)所達成的和平條約,便認定一地的人民需追隨該地統治者所確立的宗教信仰,導致地方上的人民在法理上遂直接喪失了信仰的自主權。<br />
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緊隨其後,十七世紀時以未妥善解決宗教衝突作為導火線、綿延三十年的宗教戰爭,更將德意志各地的鄉村自治體蹂躪殆盡,以至於十八世紀的統治者要將手伸入地方時,幾乎已無太大的阻礙。最後,十八世紀時的德意志地區吹起了一股盲目崇尚法國文化的風潮。當時在法國各宮廷之間蔚為風潮的巴洛克文化(Baroque)所顯露出來的正是極度抬高統治者權勢的意識形態,因此當德意志各地君侯將此文化風尚移植至領地內後,遂更進一步導致德意志人在意識上失去自主性,逐漸從一群懂得大聲反抗的「公民」變成了一群保持緘默的「順民」。 [11]<br />
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">四、三十年後閱讀本書的視角</span></strong><br />
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本書作為一本論辯之作,其文字清楚易懂,論述結構緊密,讀來一氣呵成,相當精采。但也由於本書在形式上為一本論辯之作,而非論述完整、考證嚴謹的歷史學專著,因此作者在書中往往未就其建立論述的「前提概念」進行闡釋,而是沿用傳統史學界對其所下之定義,奠定於其上以駁斥其所關注的主題。然而,Obedient Germans?一書成書至今已逾三十載,不僅許多過去的歐洲中古史概念早已被重新詮釋,更有許多新的研究成果是過去的概念所無法涵蓋的,以至於今天我們在閱讀本書時,必須更加小心地檢視書中寫來看似鏗鏘有力的論述。<br />
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舉例而言,Blickle在本書中雖不乏對於城市與城市自治體的敘述,但基於他理想中的「從底層出發」(from below)之研究視角,Blickle仍舊以在近現代以前擁有德意志超過九成五以上人口的農村與農村自治體作為論述的主軸,以至於讀者在本書中難以找到對於城市自治體形成的完整論述。好在,近年來許多針對德意志城市所進行的研究已盡可能地補足了此一面向,並清楚呈現出了與Blickle以農村自治體為主體所建構出來不甚相同的歷史樣貌。不同於Blickle所描述的德意志的農村,在中古晚期逐漸興起於德意志各地的城市,與上古時期的城市或中古早期的莊園幾乎不具有關聯性存在。<br />
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大抵而言,中古時期德意志各地的城市多是自商業往來必經的交通要道上的人口密集聚居地所發展而來,並以發達的商業與手工業發展為其特色。這些早期的城市一直要到中古晚期,才逐漸形成了在法制上與軍事上均能夠保護其居民的城市自治體,對內具有明確的政治管理機構與法律規範,對外則具有堅固的防禦工事與軍備武力。然而,僅有極少數的中古城市真的是延續著上古時期的城市而來,例如在萊茵河畔的古城科隆(Köln),自中古以來其市中心挪移的現象便不甚明顯。大部分在地理位置上延續著上古城市的中古城市,其所具有的樣貌、規模、市中心的位置往往已不同於上古時期,甚至於大部分的中古城市與上古或是中古早期之間的聯繫僅僅在於中古城市乃是新來的居民以舊城中建築物殘存下來的地基所打造出來的。 [12] 換言之,即便許多中古晚期城市自治體出現的地理位置與上古或中古早期的聚居地相仿,讀者卻不能夠據此即斷定其中必定有延續性的存在,更遑論發展自中古早期的封建莊園制度。<br />
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除了城市與農村的差異之外,倘若讀者仔細閱讀,則會發現儘管Blickle在本書中企圖描繪出德意志各地大致的歷史發展圖像,但實際上以涉及德意志西南部或南部的部分最為細膩,東部次之,而後是西部,唯獨缺乏對於北部的描述。之所以如此,其原因在於Blickle的論述乃是奠基於德意志中古及近代早期史學的前輩Otto Brunner(1898-1982)針對德意志地區西南部的土地與統治權之研究 [13] 而來,而本書中所特別舉出的兩個實徵案例──提洛(Tyrol,位於今天瑞士、奧地利與義大利接壤處)和肯普騰(Kempten,位於今天德國的巴伐利亞州) [14] 亦正是位於德意志地區南部。易言之,Blickle書中論述的適用性可能以德意志西南部為最佳。<br />
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但從今天豐富的歷史研究成果來看,中古晚期德意志北部的歷史發展亦十分精彩:在1250年至1550年間,歐洲西北部及北部的許多商業城市組成了「漢撒同盟」(Hanseatic League)。此一商業同盟以集體合作的力量保障會員在海外行商之優先權,主張合作而非軍事武力,當時德意志地區西北部與北部有許多城市皆為會員,其中包含作為同盟總部的呂貝克(Lübeck)。 相較於Blickle在本書中描繪德意志鄉民透過農村自治體於五百年的歷史中在政治舞台上的活動軌跡,漢撒同盟亦是一個中古晚期各城市自治體通過結盟以突破各領地君侯國在土地上所劃出界限的絕佳例子。<br />
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總結而言,在三十年後看來,Peter Blickle所建構的理論儘管有其不足之處,但作為一本針對性明確的論辯之作,本書中的論述無疑相當有力。Blickle以「德意志人是否為一群臣民?」此一衍生自近代以來德意志人給人的刻板印象出發,透過梳理德意志的「臣民」與「統治者」在十四至十八世紀末五百年間中互動的歷史,呈現出德意志人自中古晚期之後發展出來的地方自治傳統,以及主動參與政治、為自我權益發聲的公民意識。除此之外,Blickle更意在控訴此一自治傳統與公民意識又是如何在受到強權國家體制的打壓後消失殆盡,其背後對於強權國家體制的厭惡與對良好公民社會的盼望,在德國於九零年代走過民主化歷程,以及歐洲各國企圖通過歐盟發展出一套更以和平、共同發展為宗旨的區域結盟體制的今天看來,不僅不會顯得過時,甚至更加地發人深省。<br />
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">五、註釋</span></strong><br />
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[1] Peter Blickle, <em>Obedient Germans? A Rebuttal. A New View of German History</em>, trans. Thomas A. Brady Jr. (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1997). 本書德文原版題名為<em>Deutsche Untertanen: Ein Widerspruch</em>,係Peter Blickle應德國沙爾大學(Universität des Saarlandes)之邀撰寫,以作為其在該校任教八年(1972-1980)的總結,並於1981年出版。本書的英譯本於1997年由美國加州大學柏克萊分校(University of California, Berkeley)的德意志中古史教授Thomas A. Brady翻譯出版;至今未有中文譯本。<br />
<br />
[2] 1525年在德意志地區南部爆發的鄉民抗爭運動在傳統的歷史學著作中一般被稱之為「農民戰爭」(Peasants’ War),而Peter Blickle數十年來的研究便是致力於打破「農民戰爭」的傳統史觀,揭露出在1525年帶頭進行社會抗爭的組成分子並非農民,大多為城市中較不受到法律保障的底層市民階級,稱之為「鄉民」(德:gemeinen Mann;英:commoner)。這些人帶頭進行抗爭並不是為了衣食溫飽,而是為了更平等的權利以及更好的生活而奮鬥。可參閱Blickle其他的學術專著,如:Peter Blickle, <em>Communal Reformation: the Quest for Salvation in Sixteenth-Century Germany</em>, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 1992).<br />
<br />
[3] Blickle, 1-5.<br />
<br />
[4] Blickle, 11-16.<br />
<br />
[5] Blickle, 16-21.<br />
<br />
[6] 在德意志史研究脈絡中,此型態的「國家」一般稱為「領地君侯國」、「領地邦國」或「資產階層邦國」。「資產階層邦國」之名係源於邦國議會組成份子乃是領地內具有實質資產與政治影響力,以至於領地君侯在做政治決策時不得加以忽略的階層(德:Landschaft;英:territorial estate),包含在地方握有權勢的主教、修道院、自治體等個人與法人,故稱之。詳見:Blickle, 39-44.<br />
<br />
[7] Blickle, 21-25.<br />
<br />
[8] Blickle, 62-70.<br />
<br />
[9] Blickle, 71-76.<br />
<br />
[10] 路德主張之原文可參見:“Martin Luther - Daß eine christliche Versammlung oder Gemeinde Recht und Macht habe, alle Lehre zu urteilen und Lehrer zu berufen, ein- und abzusetzen, Grund und Ursache aus der Schrift,„ accessed February 7, 2013. <a href="http://www.glaubensstimme.de/doku.php?id=autoren%3Al%3Aluther%3Ad%3Adass_eine_christliche_versammlung_oder_gemeinde_recht_und_macht_habe">http://www.glaubensstimme.de/doku.php?id=autoren%3Al%3Aluther%3Ad%3Adass_eine_christliche_versammlung_oder_gemeinde_recht_und_macht_habe</a> <br />
<br />
[11] Blickle, 93-96.<br />
<br />
[12] Hans-Werner Goetz, <em>Leben im Mittelalter</em>, 7th edition (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2002), 204-207.<br />
<br />
[13] 關於Otto Brunner對於土地與統治權的研究,可參閱Thomas Brady為其大作<em>Land and Lordship. Structure of Governance in Medieval Austria</em>所寫的書評:Thomas A. Brady Jr., “Whose Land? Whose Lordship? The New Translation of Otto Brunner,” <em>Central European History</em>, vol. 29, No. 2 (1996): 227-233.<br />
<br />
[14] Blickle, 44-58.<br />
<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-45299515295239806922013-03-03T05:18:00.000-08:002013-11-06T21:42:31.822-08:00簡介:三十年戰爭前的德意志市民與自治體<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">陳襄(國立臺灣大學歷史系四年級)</span></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">德意志在傳統上是一個由許多自主政治體所構成而非統一的地區。長期以來,德意志王是以選舉的方式產生,概念上類似於許多不同的部族首領選出一人作為他們的共主。因此,德意志地區缺乏明確的地理中心或是首都,法庭的所在地也並不固定。而一開始以德意志地區為主要中心的神聖羅馬帝國當然依循著上述的框架脈絡形成。</span><!--EndFragment-->
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">帝國的起源是來自於查理曼(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Charlemagne</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">742-814</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(圖一)在羅馬帝國繼承上的轉變,以及奧圖一世(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Otto I</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">936</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年為德意志王;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">962</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年被教宗加冕而成為皇帝)以降逐漸採用的帝國稱號。[1]</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">亨利四世(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Henry IV</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1056-1106</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)為爾後被選舉出的德意志王加上了羅馬人之王(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Rex Romanorum</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的稱號;「神聖」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Holy</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)一詞則是由腓特烈一世(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Frederick I</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1122-1190</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1157</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年為帝國所加,</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反映他欲掌握德意志地區、義大利與教權的野心。[2]至於「神聖羅馬帝國」一詞到了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1254</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年才正式出現。[3]</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA0MaZ8JlEFxueXgeL57mQ4eJkYRhYuuz0cWWxkZrpICK6bp5MrRFs03XcmYRVdpRQ0GdscR3OkootgmIs5_TFJB8zic5OsndukQzSIY9Wf3QA0zFDWKZI0el80m00joCcHcK9B20OGPcE/s1600/2empero1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA0MaZ8JlEFxueXgeL57mQ4eJkYRhYuuz0cWWxkZrpICK6bp5MrRFs03XcmYRVdpRQ0GdscR3OkootgmIs5_TFJB8zic5OsndukQzSIY9Wf3QA0zFDWKZI0el80m00joCcHcK9B20OGPcE/s320/2empero1.jpg" width="144" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i>E</i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>mperor Charlemagne</i>, by Albrecht D</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ü</span>rer, c.1512 </span>Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg</span></span></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1254</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1273</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年間的神聖羅馬帝國正處於「王朝過渡期」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Interregnum</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。這段時期帝國的帝位繼承混亂,包含教宗與當時極有政治影響力的科隆大主教不斷地尋找外國勢力,策立敵正朔王(英文:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">anti-king</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;德文:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Gegenkönig</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),希望能挾天子以令諸侯,藉由在背後操控德意志王而從德意志地區其他自主政治體中獲取利益。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不過也由於混亂的帝位繼承以及缺少明確的共主,使得德意志地區各地方勢力得以有更大的空間進行高度自主發展。各地領地君侯轄下的領地君侯國(英文:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">territorial
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">自治體可被視為是德意志地區從中古晚期到近代早期在地方上最基本、並享有一定程度自主權力的政治單位。自治體的行政管理者們是經由內部成員共同商討、選舉,或由地方統治者提名任命等方式產生,而內部的執行運作、自我管理、習慣法規訂定也是經由討論協商完成。而基於不同地方、不同人們的生活與認同的社會結盟方式,自治體也具有各種不同的形式。以農民的部份而言,十四世紀時在德意志地區南部與西南部為主的莊園制度逐漸瓦解,並基於當時人口、農業與社會經濟上的轉變逐漸形成了同心圓式的聚落農村。</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">在聚落農村中自行形成的行政管理機制便是農村自治體(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">village commune</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">)。</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">不過隨著十五、十六世紀社會經濟的發展,德意志地區進入了城市文化興盛時期,統治範圍位在鄉村的領地君侯也受到來自城市的炫富文化氛圍影響,使得他們在行政、人事、宮廷或是戰事上的花費逐漸增多。在原有的土地資源生產無法負荷增加的財政需求下,君侯因而開始爭奪農村自治體外圍的共有地資源,並且引進羅馬法來取代約定協商的習慣法,以便合理化自身的行為。如此一來,不僅破除農村自治體的地方自主性,也破壞雙方原有的合作關係,致使農村自治體最後在絕對君權的年代消失殆盡。 </span></span></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">至於城市方面,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Heiti TC Medium"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">城市自治體(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Heiti TC Medium"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">rural commune</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Heiti TC Medium"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">在各方面其實與農村自治體的差異不大。從中古時期開始,「城市」便是一個特殊的場域</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Heiti TC Medium"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">,甚至</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">可以說是一個擁有自主權的城市國家(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">city-state</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)。由於從事貿易者或是擁有工作坊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">workshop</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)而能自行生產的手工業者聚集,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">而他們的商業貿易所得使得城市具有較佳的經濟實力而能以金錢換取特許狀、換取自由,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">並且能夠生產武器、僱請傭兵、自行防衛,進而較能抵禦外來勢力。</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(圖二)</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">圖二:</span></span>
1500年左右的科隆(K<span class="pagetitle">ö</span>ln)是歐洲重要的貿易城市,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">並在當代擁有四萬左右的人口。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiShbvgKyveRZEDf2pjH5Vd6swUUdGVvf63OWNk1KEiaRxv1P4bd4a80aNmliptUWWHsRTEk5uf8VcyVF_of7Zn85KiyOrCZ_KgiiQO8RhQCRKfOv4Dh8YzzrCZiQ1b8U69luUoOSrgt4u7/s1600/00026482+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiShbvgKyveRZEDf2pjH5Vd6swUUdGVvf63OWNk1KEiaRxv1P4bd4a80aNmliptUWWHsRTEk5uf8VcyVF_of7Zn85KiyOrCZ_KgiiQO8RhQCRKfOv4Dh8YzzrCZiQ1b8U69luUoOSrgt4u7/s1600/00026482+copy.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cologne around 1500</i>, by Mic</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">hael Wohlgemut, <i>Liber Chronicarum</i>, 1493, pp. 90b-91a.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt;">除了透過上述的方式取得政治上的主導權外,自治體亦會透過武裝反抗、拒絕宣誓對領地君侯的效忠來表達他們的訴求、改善社會形勢和生活條件,只是當然也得承擔一定的風險。即便如此,發生在近代早期德意志地區的武裝反抗仍比同時期歐洲的其他地方多出許多。而產生反抗的原因包含鄉間不滿領地君侯限制農民往城市移動的遷徙自由、過重的勞役、抗稅,以及城市中行會(</span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt;">Guilds</span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt;">)</span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt;">對地方行政官的起事等。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt;">觀看德意志自中古晚期至近代早期的歷史,可以看到許多以自治體為統治主體的邦國(</span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt;">states</span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt;">),</span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt;">以及城市和農村自治體相互聯盟合作以抵禦外侮的現象。這些嘗試與作為也展現在許多當代的文學作品、政治與神學思想中。神學家馬丁路德(</span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt;">Martin Luther</span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt;">1483-1546</span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt;">)</span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt;">的思想中關於宗教上的平等、人們有權自行抉擇信仰的基督教教義與佈道者便是基於德意志地區的自治體傳統而來。</span></span></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">當然,德意志地區在中古晚期到近代早期不單是只有自治體此一特殊組織而已。在中、北部亦有以商人、城市所組成的漢撒同盟(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hanseatic League</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">1250-1550</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Heiti TC Medium"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">。值得注意的是漢撒同盟城市與西南與西部以自治體為主的傳統有所不同,也和神聖羅馬帝國有著不一樣的</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">經濟體系。它是透過城市間的和平經商條約運作、保障會員於海外行商的優先權,在沒有其他政治武力介入的情形下亦不會使用武力。在十五世紀時甚至有高達</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">150</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">個城市加入。雖說許多成員城市並不在現今德國境內,但</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Heiti TC Medium"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">漢撒</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">同盟所涉及的疆域與想以城市結盟的力量突破政治疆域以及領地君侯勢力限制的模式卻也不是我們能輕易忽視的。</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">參考閱讀(延伸閱讀)</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />
Peter
Blickle, <i>Obedient Germans? A Rebuttal: A
New View of German History</i>. Translated by Thomas A. Brady, Jr.
Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1997. Pp. xviii + 126. $45.00.
ISBN: 978-0813918099. First published in 1981 under the title <i>Deutsche Untertanen: Ein Widerspruch</i>, by
Beck.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />
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Joachim Whaley, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Germany and the Holy Roman Empire. Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1490-1648</i> New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Pp. 752. $127.81. ISBN: 978-0198731016.</span><br />
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<b>註釋</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[1] <span style="font-size: 12pt;">奧圖一世</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">962</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">年於羅馬被教宗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">John XII</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">加冕為皇帝(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Imperator Augustus</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">)。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[2] <span style="font-size: 12pt;">此時的帝國稱號為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Sacrum Imperium</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Holy Empire</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">)。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">[3] </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Sacrum
Romanorum Imperium</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Holy Roman Empire</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">)。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span>[4] <span style="font-size: 12pt;">德意志王是藉由選舉的方式產生,而敵正朔王常是因為繼承問題、政教衝突而由不同的勢力所推舉或扶植,以便和正朔的德意志王相互抗衡,導致對立的局面。舉例來說,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">1257</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">年科隆大主教讓當時的英國國王之弟理查(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Richard of Cornwall</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">1209-1272</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">)選上德意志王。與此同時,特里爾(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Trier</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">)大主教為抵制科隆大主教,推舉卡斯蒂爾國王阿方索十世(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Alfonso X of Castile</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">1221-1284</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">anti-king</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">1257-1273</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">)擔任敵正朔王。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span>[6] <span style="font-size: 12pt;">手工業者有一套專業繁複的訓練程序,必須取得師傅(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">master</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">)的頭銜並經過行會的認證才能夠開立工作坊。</span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span>[8] <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">三十年戰爭原是神聖羅馬帝國內部因為宗教信仰問題尚未獲得妥善解決而爆發的戰爭,然而帝國周邊的瑞典、丹麥、法國在政治考量下也紛紛參戰。由於主要戰場多位於德意志地區境內,造成農村與城市被嚴重破壞、人口大量死亡與遷徙移動。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">英國史專題工作坊開課說明:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">本</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">學期將有兩位來自英國的國際知名學者訪台</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">一位是任教於英國倫敦大學瑪麗王后學院</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(Queen
Mary College, University of London)</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">的 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Professor Quentin Skinner</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">他是極具影響力的政治思想史家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">專長是近代早期歐洲思想史、霍布斯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Thomas
Hobbes</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">)</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">政治哲學</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">以及文藝復興時代的修辭文化。他獲獎無數、著作等身</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">在政治思想史界享有盛名多年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">其簡歷可見</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">http://www.history.qmul.ac.uk/staff/skinnerq.html</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">。</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;">Professor Quentin Skinner</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">另一位是目前倫敦大學歷史研究所</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Institute of Historical Research</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">)</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">的所長 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Professor Miles Taylor</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">他的專長是維多利亞女王時期的英國社會與文化、十八世紀後英國國會史、維多利亞統治下的印度。他除了研究受到矚目之外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">近年來也帶領倫大歷史研究所進行多種歷史 資料數位化工程</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">並積極建立英國史學界與其他各國之史學交流</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">是英國史學界重要領導人物</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">其簡歷可見 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">http://www.history.ac.uk/about/miles-taylor</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">。</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;">Professor Miles Taylor</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">這兩位學者將分別於五月第二週及第四週訪台<span lang="EN-US">,</span>訪台期間除發表專題演講之
外<span lang="EN-US">,</span>也將與學生對談。在此難得的機緣下<span lang="EN-US">,</span>本課程將與台大歷史系及台北大學歷史系的課程合作<span lang="EN-US">,</span>以「維多利亞時期的英國」及「歐洲近代早期思想史」為主題<span lang="EN-US">, </span>透過工作坊的形式帶領學生研讀兩位學者的作品<span lang="EN-US">,</span>一方面熟悉兩位學者的著作<span lang="EN-US">, </span>以為他們的到訪做準備<span lang="EN-US">;</span>另一方面<span lang="EN-US">,</span>也使三校學生能有交流討論的機會。因此<span lang="EN-US">, </span>在課程設計上<span lang="EN-US">,</span>將以閱讀原著及議題討論為主<span lang="EN-US">,</span>兩週一次<span lang="EN-US">(</span>見下方課程進度表<span lang="EN-US">), </span>上課地點在台大歷史系<span lang="EN-US">(</span>教室待訂<span lang="EN-US">),</span>共同討論時間為週六下午一點至五點。除共同討論時間外<span lang="EN-US">,</span>學</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">生可於週五上午</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">10</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">點至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">12</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">點之間</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">或其他時間</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">),</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">與授課教師約時間個別討論。</span></div>
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<!--EndFragment--><br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-90402842635961734592013-02-26T19:04:00.000-08:002013-11-06T21:45:22.532-08:00Colors Demonic & Divine - 中世紀與六百年後<div style="text-align: center;">
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彭于俽(台灣大學經濟系五年級)</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Herman
Pleij, Colors Demonic and Divine: Shades of Meaning in the Middle Ages and
After. Translated by Diane Webb. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. Pp.
xi, 124 plus 20 color figures. $29.50. ISBN: 9780231130233. First published in
2002 under the title </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">Van karmijn, purper en
blauw: Over kleuren van de Middeleeuwen en daarna</i><span style="font-family: inherit;">, by Prometheus.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>第一部分 驚歎</strong></span></div>
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魔鬼與聖徒擁有相同的顏色。Luca Signorelli畫筆下的魔物將罪惡無法通過審判的人類拖向地獄深淵時,它們所舞動銳刺尖細的翅膀,揮打著朱橙綠藍的色彩,而同時為少女瑪麗亞捎來救世主耶穌將降臨人世喜訊的大天使加百列,裝盛柔韌憐慈的羽毛上亦拍動著七色彩虹。也許現代人將訝異中世紀天堂的色彩如此繽紛,魔鬼如此多彩 ; 聖母不再只有純白皎潔,地獄亦非僅矇照著全然的漆黑幽黯。Demonic and Divine,這是Herman Pleij述說色彩在中世紀如何存在與起舞的方式。<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>The Ghent Altarpiece</em>, by Jan van Eyck, 1432.Cathedral of St Bavo, Ghent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>The Damned Cast into Hell</em>, by Luca Signorelli, 1499. Fresco.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>第二部分 COLORS DEMONIC AND DEVINE</strong></span></div>
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在本著作中,透照著紅橙黃綠藍紫的揮灑,一個時代的樣貌也漸隨被繪構出。該時代思索質疑,而一絲又一絲型塑出的思緒意志,隨著時流強化而鋪墊出我們現代社會構築的軌道。</div>
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對於甫接觸中世紀的讀者而言,這是一本相當具有啓發性的書籍:以Decoloration與顏色騷起之爭議為主發展承軸,多面向從王公貴族、宗教人士、騎士、與市民農民等來敘述中世紀對於色彩究竟抱持何種心態,並揭示現代人對於色彩運用,又是何種順理成章而無意識的狀態。 [1] Pleij以其深厚的文學基底為養分,綻放出探討當色彩得以遍染之技術發軔時,中世紀如何享受與防衛的樣貌之花:他們開始解釋,色彩是光的組成,亦或僅是一物質? [2] 其根源決定它是否神聖可敬。不可切離於大自然的色彩,究竟是上帝所賦予可盡情沈浸其中的恩典,亦或是惡魔操弄蠱惑的手段?此更牽連到該用何種途徑榮耀上帝:色彩斑斕璀璨,或全然原貌樸素? [3] 書中將中世紀人的神學中心、二元思想與夾於極端間的矛盾描繪非常詳盡,為了得以「忠實復原」上帝所造大自然樣貌,他們避開所有大自然過度蠱惑人心、或可怖具破壞性的一面,就算秋楓紅葉是多麼絢爛迷人,依然只分離出最平和而長青穩定者作為真貌。然而Pleij也不忘提醒中世紀的著作中仍可覺察在神學與道理的覆蓋下埋藏一絲他們對於色彩之美的欣賞與感動流露。[4]</div>
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然而另一方面,本書的立論方式卻也令人有所困惑。以文學來研究色彩的確是新鮮可行的,其範疇擴展至超越藝術品才能詮釋顏色的狹隘思想,囊括了更多階級層面的樣貌。然而在教育尚未普及的時代,能夠掌握文字記錄者必定有相當水準的階級背景,因此常對於描繪對象可能有所貶低或誤解。當書中提到鄉民農婦們穿著何等俗艷的色彩時,他們有可能是城市中的百姓市民而並非真正的農民,如第三十三頁中,Robert de Sorbon貴為御用神官,卻被Jean de Joinville形容為低賤階級之子,可以猜想其偏頗之大,更何況其餘默默無名之小市民。因此對於史料理解要特為小心,文字並不能真正全面勾勒真實社會樣貌,也要注意被忽略的百姓常常才是多數遍見的景致。</div>
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另外作者的本書貫穿著對於Decoloration勢不可擋的無奈。色彩之於現代社會的運用在中世紀仍是形塑之時,若回溯確可瞧出去色彩化的端倪,但強調並歸咎於中世紀晚期興起的社會文化運動、或宗教改革造成如今的局面是不妥的。書中提到的菁英現象會造成下層社會模仿是重要因素之一 [5] ,但合理懷疑在中世紀的社會結構下,不如今日近半世紀才有全球通訊媒體傳播,各地菁英圈零散的去色彩崇尚能夠帶起多麼全面的歐洲劇變?Decoloration應當還包括了爾後幾百年間如工業革命等更多因素才是關鍵。若直接對應現代社會之於中世紀,會忽略許多重要脈絡而稍嫌武斷不清晰。並且若提出Decoloration一字詞,應緊隨之附上定義或大致發生範圍會更穩妥,否則讀者接收不到清楚的輪廓樣貌,深處於現代形形色色的時代,很容易產生疑惑與誤解。建議這個啓發性的概念,應可以藉由其他層面,比方指出當時社會對於顏色挑揀是富有意識等來作比對重點。</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>第三部分 繽紛背後</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>Virgin And Child With Canon Van Der Paele</em>, byJan van Eyck, ca. 1436.</span></div>
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翻開中世紀的手抄泥金本經書,抑或佇立於Jan van Eyck(-1441)的畫作前,鮮亮顏色如悅耳音符般躍動而來,交織於油彩五線譜畫布上的繽紛饗宴。中世紀在時間汪洋中留下了美好亮澤的遺貝,待我們拾起,於腦海中又再度響起清脆靈動的樂音。<br />
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初次細察中世紀尼德蘭畫作是充滿驚錯的,惡魔倒了色,聖徒兀自繽紛,人們奇裝異服猶如法國巴黎伸展台。在這些不同於Pleij敘述脈絡中的藝術藏品部分,它們體現了時代最先鋒與心緒最敏感的美。在Jan van Eyck確立了油畫正式的發展場域後,一系列細膩而緻密的油彩交響曲派從此誕生。<br />
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最初是笛琴齊鳴的,Jan van Eyck宗教繪畫中總是五彩並綻,呈上繁複華麗的細節。Rogier van der Weyden(ca.1399-1464)則選擇了不同路途,以人物姿態與面容為首席,協奏出曼妙而動人的樂章。相較於前者,雖然也有發掘暗示、抽絲剝繭解謎般的樂趣缺位了之聲,然而其聚焦之濃與淒壯之烈卻教人難以將目光移轉,為之動容。<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX2i_WI_5YdG8UpMengEtJJjkAO2wYRpZe3fZdYUG2RhFYUbzc6OWaGeoJeooZURdGviClXj8ASVLFpc_uupv6SIb3W9e6fyNX4abmDGqCO0x-xnTn6ni49b0CC1fNsc2Tv6CG3pfR2qjk/s1600/nunu_pic(4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX2i_WI_5YdG8UpMengEtJJjkAO2wYRpZe3fZdYUG2RhFYUbzc6OWaGeoJeooZURdGviClXj8ASVLFpc_uupv6SIb3W9e6fyNX4abmDGqCO0x-xnTn6ni49b0CC1fNsc2Tv6CG3pfR2qjk/s400/nunu_pic(4.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>Descent From The Cross</em>, by Rogier van der Weyden, ca. 1435.</span></div>
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而後來到了Hugo van der Goes(1440-1482),或許黑與白在社會愈發受到重視給予了Hugo靈感,猶如魔術師般,他成功的將鮮麗的色彩以光之亮與暗包覆烘托成耀眼而永恆。黑與白悄悄地躍升為交響樂團中的要角,他們是襯托主角的黑衣人,也是肅靜全場的監督者。往後藝術學院古典畫派中,黑與白總不會缺席,擅用光影明暗營造舞台劇光之效果。事實上黑與白的發展並不全然無聊固拙。</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>The Adoration Of The Magi</em>, by Hogo van der Goes. ca.1470/75.</span></div>
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在Dirk de Vos所著之<em>Flemish Primitives</em>中 [6],畫作逐幀逐幅介紹,從木板年齡、X光、與紅外照相等作為基礎,深入技術層面並探究藝術家本身畫作習性及所欲表達,卻鮮少提出顏色背後具有的社會正負面意義。在宗教繪畫中顏色是神聖並且大膽的,而宗教畫也是最受當時社會推崇者 — 衍生為我們對於當代的整體認知。這是Pleij筆下社會的另一面,一個受到庇佑免除譴責的區域,然這庇佑卻也很可能是僅限於上層階級的宗教定製畫作中、或教堂裝潢等很微小的區塊。</div>
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即便如此,我們所見繽紛背後,顏色卻處於另一場戰爭中:隨著市坊顏料萃取與染劑調配進步,帶起人與物質覆蓋上非本體顏色的流行,被視為有篡改造物主彰顯事物本質之虞,因此色彩淪為惡魔同黨之徒,把玩欺弄人的手段。</div>
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我們眼中的中世紀五彩綻放而歡愉,當下的人們卻時常將各色背後的意義與邪惡瘋傻相連。諸如黃色為異教徒與背離真理之色,紅色為忘恩絕理背叛之色。在公共場合運用太過搶目以自我表達之色更是近畿羞恥不成熟的展現。於中世紀二元論的思想下,顏色有多麼美豔或尊貴,也就有多麼邪惡的相對面。只有黑與白跳脫了顏色的本質,躍居而上成為最莊重與得宜的呈現。爾後宗教提倡樸實,科學標榜理智,上流崇尚內斂叵測,在在都將黑與白推往更崇高的地位。</div>
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繽紛千色的生命力被冠上膚淺廉價的罪名,而其美好斑斕的光景在中世紀的未來亦漸漸被困溺在煤灰鐵冷工業社會狹隘的視角中。</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">多彩的惡魔 <em>Hell</em>, by Hans Memling, 1485.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>第四部分 二十一世紀社會,顏色的滋味</strong></span></div>
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蜜糖般甜膩的糖果色,是個人放鬆的香甜; 深沈簡約的棕黑白,是對外謹慎的莊重,隱蔽自我缺點而感安全得當; 新潮冷靜的藍,是邁向未來的科技之路。承接中世紀諸多領域的建構脈絡,這專業與分工蓬勃發展,與科技日新月異的世紀,顏色也隨之被切割開來。何種顏色在正式場合才適合被運用,又或被賦予何種氛圍意義,即便這個世代能夠生產各種顏色,我們卻共同被烙印著根深蒂固的刻板聯結。</div>
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對於Decoloration如何解讀,若僅評估鮮艷色系與無色調在這個社會出現的質與量,事實上難分軒輊:鮮豔色並未被泯除,無色調也並非皆能掌控全局。然而無形中顏色是被劃分的,帶有各種層次與階梯高低意味的:大眾想像社會頂層精英出席一場國際會議的套裝色,必不同於假日竄遊於西門町高職女孩的裙擺色,而無色調是前者公共領域、正式場合、與知識精英所經常擁抱的顏色,剩餘的七彩則被歸到了私人領域、遊樂場合,大多帶有放縱享受之意。而惡魔與聖徒也不再擁有相同顏色,縱使帶領天使飛翔的羽毛應是多麼多彩的。<br />
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Decoloration代表著什麼?Decoloration並非單一元素的活動,而可分解成許多組份,雖然這些組份也都互相影響著:從中世紀權貴人士為與富有市民華麗繽紛的著裝區分階級、鮮濃色彩被冠上與背叛或瘋傻相連結而被抵斥、宗教人士反對教會奢侈提倡穿著樸實色系、以及後來宗教改革全面的推廣、知識份子對於內斂不過度外顯自我的推崇、乃至於促成現代社會雛形的齒輪開始運轉了 — 工業革命將煤炭,灰煙往城市裡傾倒,現今更仍染黑了郊區原野、以及千禧年開始迅速發展的現代高科技電子標榜著冷色調,色盤中更有「科技藍」的色票名稱。我們如今生長在機械與化工高度發展的城市中,受惠其便利,無形中卻也習慣了這些大量生產的物品呈色:鋼鐵灰泥(台灣常見的鐵皮屋與水泥牆)、金屬媒材、人造合成材料與塑膠、不鏽鋼、電子產品等等,這些顏色包圍著我們。若撰寫一篇現代人的顏色,必定會很訝異,它不僅與神性宗教關係疏離,現代人對於大量而一成不變的基色是很司空見慣的。正因能以合成技術大量產出鮮艷的各種顏色,造就了痲痹狀態,時常拋棄置換而不特別珍惜,甚至忘卻了各人事物都能是獨一無二的。若回顧攝影技術的發展,一百年前人們極欲研發彩色照相及攝影技術,更有甚者以人工手法將黑白照片上色,就為了能夠擁有照片中人物面容的溫度。</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">以飾品做例子:我們習慣看見飾品是鮮艷亮麗的彩色,實際上在天然礦石中無論哪一品種,能真正達到色濃艷美者是非常稀少的。左圖是合成紅寶石,偏粉而一致的色調; 右圖是天然紅寶石的各種顏色。</span></div>
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而承接著中世紀開始注重己者在公共場合的表現形象因而換上內斂深色調服裝,公領域與私領域高度劃分發展,色彩在現代社會中落入了兩頭反向而極端的用途中。穿著單調制服與套裝的生活積累了龐大壓力後,便喜尋五光十色及繽紛絢然之處宣泄放縱。六七零年代的嬉皮風或迷幻搖滾其眾多顏色也不脫離稚氣或叛逆頹廢的次文化聯結。實際上顏色的確會引起人們的生物本能反應,例如紅色能夠使人緊繃而警戒,因此許多號誌採用紅色。然而本能的情緒感性為何被壓抑?</div>
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回溯去色彩化概念雛形誕生的中世紀可以讓我們得知一點訊息。為何中世紀人們開始導向理性而自制的形象,而不是奔放豪爽?中世紀的生活圍繞著宗教,他們解讀聖經及釐清深究神學的方式強化了二元論思想:唯有聖經是對的,上帝是造物之主,因此也唯有它所造之物纔可傳達攜帶正確唯一的真理,此時其餘一切都被丟入對立的錯誤中,灰色地帶極度受到壓縮。在理智與情感上他們或許無形中也應用了二元思想,情感受到壓抑,理智受到推崇。避諱感情在正式場合過度流露的中世紀,或許他們本能上直覺顏色能夠激起情緒,使人有所衝動,進而無法思考、導致超出自我控制的危機 — 畢竟語言思考是人類認為自己理性的工具,而與視覺互切分於左右兩大腦中。</div>
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公領域能夠讓人們互相應對時就事論事、合作順暢,而私領域能讓人完全放鬆舒緩情緒,正如三溫暖能達到平衡與健康。然而過度發展則會讓人在公空間機械化,備受壓力,回到私空間強烈抒發後卻也只剩空虛,一會兒泡冰水一會兒燙滾水,正如許多翡翠為去除黑色雜質,須先過一次強酸再過一次強鹼中和,兩次皆是讓結構脆弱易裂的傷害。大量生產的規格標準化生產線讓人們真正成為了社會運作下的小螺絲釘,因此不僅在工作中掙扎著,連自我壓力抒發時也是掙扎著。</div>
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與之密不可分的是社會專業化,同樣在中世紀及文藝復興時期,工匠們建立起自己的藝術家形象之間及之後,諸多產業也發展出了專業的理論與領域。專業化能夠使大眾正視一個職業或學問的可敬之處,而防止莫須有的歧視。然而如今分工達到前所未有的細膩與深入,專業區隔太被強調。相較於文藝復興時代的全才,學習一門學問,照理對於其他學問也很能夠觸類旁通的。各個範疇從整體社會中被區隔開來後,一個領域的發展路線也被歸納出來,但太過於鑽研限於一領域內的極致追求,導致發展被帶向艱深與窄化的局面,而開始點化,那個尖端點便是我們對諸多行業所認知的刻板印象 - 侷限他人並也自我侷限了。</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>第五部分 混色中世紀</strong></span></div>
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在許多概念與領域正在被嘗試劃分出來的中世紀,或許該時代沒有媲美今日便捷的科技,周到多樣的服務,然而也尚未發展出極端加壓的公私概念、及大量生產、對於制服式及大眾化樣式的習慣、專業過度區隔產生的扭曲。顏色成為這個框架下隨之搖晃擺盪者,我們將其放入狹隘的概念中運用,先進技術雖得以讓我們調配眾多繽紛色彩,卻對於根深蒂固的刻板印象渾然不覺,或未更深究。六百年後的今日,或許當社會開始意識到這個脈絡,讓各個專業跨越藩籬,如同近年發展的科技藝術,將實驗室科技人員與藝術家放入同個空間中,而不斷迸出新奇而美妙的火花; 另一方面當我們面對莫大的體系而倍感壓縮時,從為自己的生活滴入一些中世紀顏色開始 — 嘗試讓公私空間的情緒與理智分享,共同擁抱一些思緒與色彩,最終學著達到平衡。</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>註釋</strong></span></div>
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[1] Herman Pleij, <em>Color Demonic & Devine: Shades of Meaning In The Middle Ages & After</em>, trans. Diana Webb (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2004), 62, 92.<br />
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[2] Pleij, 10.<br />
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[3] Pleij, 32, 40, 66.<br />
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[4] Pleij, 39, 42, 43<br />
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[5] Pleij, 33, 34, 95<br />
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[6] Dirk de Vos, <em>The Flemish Primitives. The Masterpieces</em>, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).<br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491081989090981720.post-62512760454077431182013-02-18T04:18:00.002-08:002013-04-05T18:37:08.599-07:00國科會經典譯注人文藝術與社會環境系列講座-西方近現代思想與藝術文化的原鄉《義大利文藝復興時代的文化》<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">國科會經典譯注人文藝術與社會環境系列講座</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">● 主講人:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">花亦芬(臺灣大學歷史學系(所)教授)</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">● 講 題:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">西方近現代思想與藝術文化的原鄉《義大利文藝復興時代的文化》</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">● 主持人:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">黃榮村(中國醫藥大學校長) </span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">● 討論人:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">陳東升(臺灣大學社會系教授) </span><br />
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● 摘 要:<br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"> 《義大利文藝復興時代的文化》是歐洲文藝復興研究真正的奠基之作,也是開啓現代文化史研究寬闊視野最重要的史學名著。雖然本書出版至今已近一百五十年,仍是進入歐洲文化史與文藝復興史堂奧最經典的鉅作。</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"> 布氏從人之所以為人的角度,以及亂世中人性欲求無端氾濫的真實面,重新思考「權力」、「文化」與「信仰行為」的本質,相當鮮明地點出義大利文藝復興文化不是政治黃金時代的產物,而是在無止盡政治動盪裡,由具有高度創造力的文化精英,與深切瞭解文化藝術重要性的有識之士合作打造出來的文化高峰。過去華文世界雖已有本書譯本,但都是從其他外文翻譯而來,本譯注是第一本真正從原文(德文)翻譯過來的中譯本。本中譯本不僅譯文流暢,對原書文意掌握相當精準,譯注者也付出許多心力注解說明,幫助讀者更容易掌握布克哈特思想的精髓。譯注者所寫得導讀〈寫給故鄉的書〉文筆、內容均引人入勝,又深具學術價值,特別值得推薦。 </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0